Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research

Development of a Computerized Task for measuring Time Perception

Hoora Motie; Mahmood Heidari; Fatemeh bagherian; Fariba Zarani

Volume 5, Issue 3 , September 2018, , Pages 86-92

Abstract

  Background: Time perception is considered as an important subject incognitive psychology, which is essential for our understanding regarding brainmechanisms underlying human cognition ...  Read More Background: Time perception is considered as an important subject incognitive psychology, which is essential for our understanding regarding brainmechanisms underlying human cognition and disabilities. Deficits in timeperception have been found in people with both attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD), dyslexia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. The presentstudy aimed at developing and evaluating the Time Perception Software witha sample including 152 Iranian students.Methods: The computerized time perception task was designed based on timeestimation, reproduction, production and time comparison method. In order toverify the reliability of the task, 30 students which were participated in the testsample repeated the test after one month. The content and construct validitywere used in order to examine the validity of the task. The construct validityof the time perception task was verified by analyzing the confirmatory factoranalysis using the Amos 24 software.Results: In the modified model, the comparison factor was eliminated(CFI=0.965). The highest correlation was observed in the time estimation of11 seconds with a correlation coefficient which was equal to 0.935 (P=0.001),while the lowest correlation coefficient was observed in the time production of17 seconds with the correlation coefficient which was equal to 0.679 (P=0.001).The internal consistency of the task indicated that the time perception taskhad a near-optimal validity and its reliability was at the optimal level with theCronbach’s alpha which was equal to 0.67.Conclusion: In order to conclude, The Time Perception Software appeared tobe reliable and valid for assessing and measuring time perception in the Iranianstudents. This software can be used in future research investigations.

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Effects of Temperature on Wrist Flexor Muscles Endurance

Afsun Nodehi-Moghadam; Leila Rahnama; Maryam Habibi; Najafali Dehghani

Volume 1, Issue 4 , December 2014, , Pages 97-99

Abstract

  Background: It is widely recognized that neuromuscular function is temperature sensitive. Changes in muscle temperature may affect muscle force development. The aim of this study was ...  Read More Background: It is widely recognized that neuromuscular function is temperature sensitive. Changes in muscle temperature may affect muscle force development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on wrist flexor muscles endurance.Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects (mean age  21.13 ±1.30 years) participated in the present study.  The wrist flexor muscles endurance was measured before and after applying ice and hot packs over the forearm for 15 minutes. Paired t tests were used to compare differences between pre and post intervention endurance.Results: The results showed a significant increase in wrist flexor muscles endurance after heating. (P=0.04). We also found that, cooling the forearm muscles leaded to significant decrease of wrist flexor muscles endurance (P=0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that hand function is temperature sensitive. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of cold on muscular function in people working in workplaces with extreme temperature.

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The Study of the Development of Dependent Possessive Pronouns in 2.5-4 Year-Old Typically Normal Persian-Speaking Children

Shoeleh Sharifypour; Talieh Zarifian; Ayoub Sheikhi; Sharifeh Sharifypour

Volume 2, Issue 4 , December 2015, , Pages 97-101

Abstract

  Background: Pronoun error is one of the most common errors in many speech and language disorders. Therefore, knowing about the development procedure of dependent possessive pronouns ...  Read More Background: Pronoun error is one of the most common errors in many speech and language disorders. Therefore, knowing about the development procedure of dependent possessive pronouns (as a subgroup of pronouns), leads to build an accurate profile for evaluation and treatment of many disorders. The goal of the present study was to examine the development of dependent possessive pronouns in 2.5-4 years old Persian-speaking children.Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive-analytic study, 177 typically normal Persian speaking children in age range of 2.5-4 years old (94 girls and 83 boys) who were selected by stratified sampling method from 10 kindergartens of Kerman were examined. There were 3 age groups (2.5-3, 3-3.5 and 3.5-4 years old). The instrument used in this study was a researcher-made task consistent of 18 questions about some parts of body to examine the development of dependent possessive pronouns. For descriptive report central tendencies and indices of dispersion were used and for statistics relations Spearman’s correlation test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Cochran’s test were used.Results: The order of correct use of dependent possessive pronouns was from singular to plural and the order of person was 3rd person, 1st person and then 2nd person. There was a correlation between age and correct use of dependent possessive pronouns (P<0.05). The performance of girls and boys were similar (P>0.05), but children’s performance in 3 age groups were different (P<0.05) and correct use of 6 types of dependent possessive pronouns were significantly different (P<0.05).Conclusion: The correct use of dependent possessive pronouns increased with age, and by the age of 4, the children mastered in more than 90% of dependent possessive pronouns. 

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Relationship between a child’s cognitive skills andthe inclusion of age appropriate toys in the home environment

Somayeh Kavousipor; Fariba Golipour; Mahshid Hekmatnia

Volume 3, Issue 4 , December 2016, , Pages 103-108

Abstract

  Background: With respect to the significance of toys, playing, and the home environment on children’s development, the present study investigates the relationship between gross motor ...  Read More Background: With respect to the significance of toys, playing, and the home environment on children’s development, the present study investigates the relationship between gross motor and fine motor toys existing athome and in the home environment, withchild cognitive skills such as problem-solving, communication, and personal–social skills.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 140 mother–child couples (children between the ages of 18 and42 months of age) randomly selected from the healthcare centers of the city of Shiraz. Employing the questionnaire of the Affordance in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self Report (AHEMD-SR) and the Ages & Stages Questionnaires®, Third Edition (ASQ-3™), both of which have validity and reliability in Iran, the required data were collected,the relationship between children’s cognitive development was evaluated by ASQ, and the toys and the home environment evaluated by AHEMD-SR was calculated by the Pearson correlation coefficient.Results:Studying the relationships revealed that playing with toys related to gross movement stimulation have weak correlations with all three skills of theASQ considered in the present study, i.e.,communication(r= 0.218, p-value=0.001), problem solving(r= 0.168,p-value=0.02), andpersonal­–social skills(r= 0.187, p-value=0.04). Nevertheless, toys related to fine movement stimulation had very low correlations.In addition, the final score of the AHEMD-SR, including toys and other aspects of the home environment, indicate an important relationship with the personal­–social skill item of the ASQ (r= 0.367, p-value=0.02).Conclusion: With regard to the findings of the present study, theinside-home space characteristic and playing with appropriate toys maymotivate the child’s cognitive development. Making parents and healthcare officials aware ofthe appropriate toys and the home environment, therefore, seems to be necessary.

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Validation of the Persian Version of the Life Balance Inventory in the Iranian Population

Naser Havaei; Babak Kashefimehr; Ahmad Mohammadi; Mina Ahmadi Kahjoogh

Volume 12, Issue 4 , December 2025, , Pages 105-111

Abstract

  Background: Life balance is defined as having a satisfying pattern of activities or occupations that is sustainable and meaningful to a person within their current context and life ...  Read More Background: Life balance is defined as having a satisfying pattern of activities or occupations that is sustainable and meaningful to a person within their current context and life conditions. It can be considered an important outcome in medical and rehabilitation services. The Life Balance Inventory (LBI) is a self-reported, comprehensive measure developed to evaluate life balance. This study aimed to translate and validate the LBI for the Iranian population.Methods: This methodological and cross-sectional study included a sample of 150 healthy individuals and 93 people with mental illnesses. Validation procedures included content validity, discriminant validity (construct validity), test-retest reliability, and internal consistency assessment of the LBI.Results: The Persian translation of the LBI demonstrated acceptable content validity. Discriminant validity showed significant differences in life balance between healthy individuals and those with mental disorders. Test-retest reliability ranged from 0.70 to 0.93 over a two-week interval. Internal consistency was strong, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88.Conclusion: The LBI shows acceptable psychometric properties for use among Iranians. This questionnaire effectively discriminates between individuals with and without mental disorders. The Persian version of the LBI can be applied in various specialties and settings.

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Assessing the Satisfaction Level of Rehabilitation Trainers and Students from the Clinical Internship Assessment Checklist

Negin Moradi; Masoume Hosseini Beidokhti

Volume 4, Issue 4 , December 2017, , Pages 114-119

Abstract

  Background: Valid assessment and validation indices are very important to evaluate and teach students, especially in clinical education settings. Considering the fact that rehabilitation ...  Read More Background: Valid assessment and validation indices are very important to evaluate and teach students, especially in clinical education settings. Considering the fact that rehabilitation science fields have about 1200 h of clinical education, planning of clinical skills training and how to evaluate them is important to improve the quality of education. Due to the importance of clinical skills teaching, clinical logbooks are used in various medical sciences in the world and some of the fields of medical sciences in Iran. This study was conducted to design and evaluate a clinical logbook for rehabilitation fields.Methods: Students [153] and trainers [43] surveys were conducted on how to evaluate clinical units. The clinical training logbooks of reputable rehabilitation universities of the world were studied and clinical activity logbooks for different rehabilitation fields were designed and administered in the clinical education and governance council meetings. Then, the level of satisfaction of trainers and students with the evaluation method was investigated using the logbook.Results: The results of this research showed a significant increase in students’ satisfaction with the assessment of internship and improvement of the quality of clinical education (above 80%) (P=0.02). Content validity results for the questionnaire were above 68% and Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was 75%.Conclusion: Given the similarity of internship courses throughout Iran, the logbook can be used in rehabilitation fields in the country by discipline to evaluate the clinical dimension of rehabilitation courses.

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The Relationship Between Working Memory and Confrontation Naming Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Ehsan Hemmati; Davood Sobhani-rad; Sadegh Seifpanahi; Hamide Ghaemi

Volume 5, Issue 4 , December 2018, , Pages 115-119

Abstract

  Background: The prefrontal cortex is very susceptible to traumatic brain injury (TBI), upon which many cognitive and executive functions including planning, information processing, ...  Read More Background: The prefrontal cortex is very susceptible to traumatic brain injury (TBI), upon which many cognitive and executive functions including planning, information processing, language, memory, attention, and perception will be impaired. Working memory (WM) is associated with high levels of cognitive processes such as language and naming process communication. In the present study, the correlation between WM and confrontation naming was investigated following TBI.Methods: The current research was a prescriptive-analytic cross-sectional study examining 20 TBI patients within the age range 18-45 years. The samples were selected from Iran, the city of Mashhad, between 2013 and 2016. The participants with a score 23 or higher in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were assessed through Persian naming test and sub-tests from the Wechsler Memory Scale. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS16 software.Results: There was a significant association between subtests of confrontation naming involving ‘Correct answers without cue’ and WM (P<0.05), ‘Wrong answers’ and WM (P<0.05), as well as ‘Total correct answers’ and WM (P<0.05).Conclusion: The present study indicated modest significant correlations between measures of confrontation naming and WM. These findings provide direction for future studies on the nature of naming deficits following brain injury.

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Diagnostic Accuracy of Adult-Assisting Hand Assessment in People with Chronic Stroke Who Had Pain

Seyed Hossein Hosseini; Ghorban Taghizade; Akram Azad

Volume 9, Issue 3 , September 2022, , Pages 123-127

Abstract

  Background: Pain in patients with stroke is one of the essential factors that caninfluence upper-limb performance, and it is better to divide these people intoseparate groups. The Adult-Assisting ...  Read More Background: Pain in patients with stroke is one of the essential factors that caninfluence upper-limb performance, and it is better to divide these people intoseparate groups. The Adult-Assisting Hand Assessment (Ad-AHA) is a tool thatrecently is being used in upper-limb performance evaluation among patientswith stroke. The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of theAd-AHA among patients with chronic stroke who had pain to discriminatebetween the high upper-limb performance group and the low upper-limbperformance group.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 51 patients (mean age±SD = 69.33±8.73)with chronic stroke who had pain participated and were divided into two groupsof high (group 1) and low (group 2) upper-limb performance measured bythe Action Reach Arm Test. The best cutoff point between groups, sensitivity,and specificity by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for Ad-AHA wascalculated.Results: A significant difference in the total score of Ad-AHA between thehigh and low upper-limb performance groups was seen (P˂0.001). The bestcutoff point for the total score of Ad-AHA between stroke patients with highand low performance in the upper-limb who had pain was 47 (sensitivity=95.45,specificity=89.21).Conclusion: The results of this study show that the Ad-AHA has high sensitivityand specificity to discriminate between stroke patients with high and lowperformance in upper-limb performance who had pain.

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Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pain and Burnout among Librarians of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Naghmeh Ebrahimi; Zahra Rojhani Shirazi; Fariba Irvanian

Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2020, , Pages 124-129

Abstract

  Background: Musculoskeletal pain and burnout can influence the quality of services provided by librarians working in libraries; therefore, the present study has been designed to investigate ...  Read More Background: Musculoskeletal pain and burnout can influence the quality of services provided by librarians working in libraries; therefore, the present study has been designed to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain as well as the existence of burnout among librarians working in libraries affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted by taking a census of librarians working in libraries affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the standard Nordic questionnaire, and the pain intensity was measured based on the numeric pain rating scale. The standard Maslach and Jackson questionnaire, with a reliability coefficient of 0.78, was used to measure burnout.Results: According to the findings, the most common musculoskeletal pain experienced by the librarians was a pain in the spinal region, particularly in the low back, and after that, the pain in the upper limb was most frequent. In terms of burnout, librarians experienced low levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and moderate levels of personal accomplishment.Conclusion: All librarians reported at least one musculoskeletal pain. Low back pain is frequent among librarians. These individuals suffer from burnout.

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Predictive Factors of Language Development in Persian-speaking Children Using Cochlear Implants: A Pilot Study

Mohammad Majid Oryadi-Zanjani; Tahereh Mohammadi; Zahra Mohammadi; Maryam Vahab

Volume 8, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 126-131

Abstract

  Background: This study aimed to investigate some child- and environmentdependentfactors in a retrospective method to find a prediction model for thespoken language development of children ...  Read More Background: This study aimed to investigate some child- and environmentdependentfactors in a retrospective method to find a prediction model for thespoken language development of children with hearing loss (HL) after cochlearimplantation (CI).Methods: The research reported here was conducted as a cross-sectional pilotstudy. The sample size was 18 Persian 5-to-7-year-old children with HL usingCI (6 girls and 12 boys) who were recruited via consecutive sampling methodsfrom Soroush Rehabilitation Center in Shiraz, Iran. The studied independentvariables were categorized into child-related variables and parental variables.At the first step, the participants were divided into two groups, good languageability, and poor language ability, based on the results of Sentence RepetitionTest (SRT). The correlation between the independent variables and SRT scores ofthe groups were compared in two stages.Results: Regarding the development of spoken language in two groups ofPersian-speaking preschool children using the cochlear implants with good andpoor language development, IQ, duration of watching TV, duration of playingwith the father, education status of the mother, education status of father,and economic status of the family had a significant correlation with languagedevelopment of these children.Conclusion: According to this study’s findings, the child’s IQ, the duration ofwatching TV during the day, the duration of playing with the father during theday, the level of education of the mother, the level of education of the father, andthe economic level of the family may be considered the predictive factors in thelanguage development of cochlear implant children during the preschool years.

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Association between Lower Extremity Kinematics and Muscle Strength, Pain, Physical Activity level, and Functional status in Females with Patellofemoral Pain

Mehrnoosh Amin; Fateme Esfandiarpour; Farzane Soleimani; Zainab Helalat; Fateme Derisfard; Sadegh Neurozi

Volume 6, Issue 3 , September 2019, , Pages 130-136

Abstract

  Background: Impaired lower extremity kinematics has beenconsidered as a contributing factor to patellofemoral pain (PFP). However, current knowledge about the correlation between lower ...  Read More Background: Impaired lower extremity kinematics has beenconsidered as a contributing factor to patellofemoral pain (PFP). However, current knowledge about the correlation between lower extremity kinematics and muscle strength is very limited. This study investigated the correlation between lower extremity kinematics and muscle strength, pain, physical activity level, as well as functional status in females with PFP. Methods: Seventy-five females with PFP participated in this analytical cross-sectional  study. Lower extremity kinematics, maximal isometric strength of muscles, pain severity, physical activity level, as well as subjective and objective function were assessed using a motion analysis system, a dynamometer, Visual Analog Scale, the International Physical Activity questionnaire, and the Kujala questionnaire and the step-down test, respectively. The hip and knee kinematics were determined during the initial contact and the initial phase of landing. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to establish the correlation between the variables. Results: The knee rotation at the initial contact was significantly correlated with quadriceps strength (r= -0.240, p=0.038) and pain severity (r=0.268, p=0.020). Pain was significantly correlated with hamstring (r= -0.310, p=0.007) and quadriceps strength (r= -0.253, p=0.029) and the Kujala score (r= -0.346, p= 0.002). Conclusion: Our findings do not indicate a strong correlation between muscle strength and joint kinematics in females with PFP. An explanation is the presence of various subgroups of people with PFP. Future studies should focus on evaluating the correlation between the risk factors of PFP in subgroups, classified based on biomechanical, psychosocial, and anatomical characteristics.

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The Effect of a Neuromuscular Training Program on Landing Kinematics in Young Soccer Players with Poor Landing Mechanics

Nezam Nemati; Ali Asghar Norasteh; Ali Shamsi Majelan

Volume 10, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 145-150

Abstract

  Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance (PEP) program on knee valgus and knee flexion angles, as well as Landing Error Scoring ...  Read More Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance (PEP) program on knee valgus and knee flexion angles, as well as Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) test scores in young male soccer players with poor landing mechanics. The study identified how increased knee valgus, decreased knee flexion and poor landing patterns contribute as risk factors for these young athletes' anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.Methods: The present study utilized a quasi-experimental design. A total of 47 soccer players with poor landing mechanics were purposefully recruited and randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=23 players, age= 12.69±0.70 years, height= 1.53±0.06 m, weight= 49.91±6.76 kg) or the control group (n=24 players, age= 12.55±0.64 years, height= 1.51±0.08 m, weight= 51.25±7.73 kg). The study measured Knee Valgus angle, Knee flexion angle, and LESS test scores at the baseline and the end of the 8-week study period. During the study, the intervention group used the Prevent Injury and Enhanced Performance (PEP) program as a warm-up routine, while the control group continued with their regular warm-up routine. The researchers used ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) and paired-sample t-test statistical analyses to evaluate the changes.Results: the intervention group significantly reduced knee valgus angle (p=0.001). Additionally, there were significant enhancements in knee flexion angle (p=0.003) and the LESS test scores (p=0.001). In contrast, the control group did not show significant improvements in knee valgus and knee flexion angles (p>0.05), except for LESS test scores (p=0.001), where they also demonstrated improvement. Moreover, the study found significant differences between the intervention and control groups in knee valgus angle (p=0.001), knee flexion angle (p=0.025), and LESS test scores (p=0.001).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the PEP program effectively reduced dynamic knee valgus angles, increased knee flexion angles, and improved LESS test scores in young male soccer players. Therefore, it appears that this program can reduce the risk of ACL injuries in this population.  

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The Effect of Fatigue on the Time to Stability in Jumping and Landing in Football Players Who Have Undergone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Moosareza Ghorbani; Amir Shamloo Kazemi; Farideh Babakhani

Volume 9, Issue 4 , December 2022, , Pages 167-172

Abstract

  Background: Jumping and landing are common activities in soccer that are often reported in connection with anterior cruciate ligament injury. As most injuries occur during fatigue, ...  Read More Background: Jumping and landing are common activities in soccer that are often reported in connection with anterior cruciate ligament injury. As most injuries occur during fatigue, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on the component of time to stability (TTS) during landing between healthy soccer players and soccer players who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.Methods: This quasi-experimental study included 24 professional soccer players who were divided into control and experimental groups. Twelve active professional soccer players (control group) and 12 soccer players with 6-24 months of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring graft (experimental group) participated in this study. Athletes jumped and landed on the obstacle to a height of 7.5 cm. After the fatigue protocol, these movements were repeated. TTS data was collected using force plate. MANOVA test at the significant level of p <0.05 was used to compare pre-test and post-test data between the groups.Results: According to the results of this study, fatigue did not affect the time to stability in any of the anterior-posterior (p=0.104), internal-external (p=0.668), or vertical components (p=0.894) between the two groups, and fatigue could not make a significant difference between the two groups. Moreover, before fatigue, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in any of the components.Conclusion: It seems that a plyometric fatigue training session will not be effective in differentiating between healthy soccer players and soccer players who have had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. 

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Voice Disorders in University Teaching Faculty Members: A Pilot Study

Zahra Ghayoumi-Anaraki; Hamid Heidarian-Miri; Shahryar Zainaee; Shima Rahmani; Fatemeh Haresabadi; Mahsa Effati; Seyede-Zahra Hosseini

Volume 7, Issue 4 , December 2020, , Pages 173-177

Abstract

  Voice disorder is a multifactorial impairment. Several studies have shown that there is a direct relationship between voice problems and voice-related jobs. Therefore, professional ...  Read More Voice disorder is a multifactorial impairment. Several studies have shown that there is a direct relationship between voice problems and voice-related jobs. Therefore, professional voice users, including teachers, are at high risk of voice disorders, which threatens the employment positions. Also, the investigation of voice impairments among faculty members seems essential. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of voice disorders in faculty members, its impact on the physical, emotional, and functional status of this job group, with and without voice disorders, and the correlation of voice disorders with some risk factors. Methods The participants of this study were 114 university teaching faculty members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, with a mean age of 43.95±0.98 years. The current cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study used a demographic questionnaire and Voice Handicap Index (VHI) as the data collection instruments. In the present study, based on VHI test results, participants with a total VHI score greater than 14.5 are considered to have voice disorders. Results The prevalence of voice disorders among university teaching faculty members was 27.19%. There was a significant correlation between allergy and voice disorders (P= 0.04). Significant differences were also found between the two study groups in terms of the total score of the VHI and its subscales (P <0.001). Conclusions Considering the 27.19% prevalence of voice disorders among university teaching faculty members and its effect on the total VHI score, our results confirm that education, prevention, and treatment programs are critical to lessen the frequency of voice disorders related to teaching. However, it has been found that this job group with voice disorders is four times more likely to have allergies than those without voice disorder, which indicates the importance of controlling this problem.

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Effectiveness of Self-compassion Training on Parenting Stress of Mothers with Visually Impaired Children

Zohreh Shams; Zohreh Meshkati; Latifehossadat Madanian

Volume 8, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 176-181

Abstract

  Background: This study aims at investigation of the effectiveness of selfcompassiontraining on parenting stress of mothers with visually impairedchildren.Methods: This is a quasi-experimental ...  Read More Background: This study aims at investigation of the effectiveness of selfcompassiontraining on parenting stress of mothers with visually impairedchildren.Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest interventionand a control group. The statistical population of the study included motherswith visually impaired children in Isfahan. Thirty mothers between eighteenand forty years old were selected using purposefully and convenient sampling.Subjects were matched in two groups of 15 intervention and control membersbased on the pre-test score of parenting stress. The intervention group receivedself-compassion training intervention for eight weeks and the control group didnot receive training during this period and was placed on a waiting list. Thequestionnaire used in this study was the parenting stress index. The findingswere analyzed using analysis of covariance by SPSS-23 software.Results: The results showed that self-compassion training significantly reducedparenting stress in the experimental group compared to the control group (P=0.002). Also, in terms of parenting stress in childhood, the mean scores inthe experimental group decreased significantly after intervention compared tothe control group (P=0.018). In terms of parenting stress among parents, themean scores in the experimental group decreased significantly after interventioncompared to the scores in the control group (P=0.0001).Conclusion: Since parenting is associated with stress and parents of visuallyimpaired children suffer more stress, self-compassion training can play animportant role in reducing their parenting stress.

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Validating the Reliability and Validity of the Persian Version of the Mini-Manual Ability Classification System

azade riyahi; Nazila Akbarfahimi; nazanin sarlak; hosseinali Abdolrazaghi; zahra nobakht

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 203-208

Abstract

  Background:Cerebral Palsy (CP) describes a group of permanent disorders of the development and posture, causing activity limitation. More than half of the children with CP experience ...  Read More Background:Cerebral Palsy (CP) describes a group of permanent disorders of the development and posture, causing activity limitation. More than half of the children with CP experience various upper extremity problems with varying severity. Considering the importance of knowing the ability of children under 4 years old the aim of this study was to determine prepare Persian version mini-Manual Ability Classification System (mini-MACS) and evaluating its validity and reliability.Methods In a methodological study, after translation procedures, the face validity, content validity, test–retest reliability and interrater reliability of the Persian version of mini-MACS were evaluated. In total, 100 parents of children with cerebral palsy, 12 occupational therapists and a researcher participated in the evaluation of the scale’s reliability. Fifty six boys and 44 girls with cerebral palsy with an average age of 33.21 (SD=11.37) month participated in the study.Results The overall results indicated that the words and sentences used in mini-MACS were simple, clear, understandable, relevant and necessary. The ICC for test–retest reliability for parents, occupational therapists and researchers were 0.955, 0.979 and 0.943, respectively. The interrater reliability coefficient between parents and occupational therapists was 0.939, between parents and researcher was 0.954, and between occupational therapists and researcher was 0.922.Conclusion:The Persian version of mini-MACS seems to be valid and reliable. This system could be used to evaluate children with cerebral palsy. 

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Investigation of Speech Impairments in A Child with HIV: The Study of Phonological Processes: Case Report

Zahra ilkhani; Bijan Shafiei; Morteza Farazi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , March 2017, , Pages 26-29

Abstract

  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral disease with immunodeficiencyin human. So, it can involve different areas such as language, speech, motor andmemory. The present research, ...  Read More Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral disease with immunodeficiencyin human. So, it can involve different areas such as language, speech, motor andmemory. The present research, as a case report, introducing the characteristics ofphonological processes of a child who had Aids and lived in a nursery throughreferring and professional assessing in a speech therapy clinic. The child was a4 year old boy who was in HIV base on blood test. Speech skills was assessedbased on DEAP and language assessment was analyzed according to TOLD-P3.He talked with single word. He used two words sentences rarely. According tolanguage assessment (TOLD-P3), semantic, syntax and phonology features weretested. So he was in emerging language stage. Also his expressive language waslower than his perceive language. In addition, based on DEAP-P test, phonologicalprocess of substitution type has been recognized most. Also, the most of thesubstitution phonological process which accrued have been velar fronting. Thisstudy showed that the most phonological process in a child with HIV was theprocess of substitution. It may be a risk factor for decreasing speech intelligibility.With regard to the results of the present research that showed that the subject hadthe disorder and there are limited researches in this area, it needs more surveys tohelp therapists to make a priority in therapeutic stages.

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Phonological Awareness in Non-fluent Preschool Children

Mohammad Ghorbani; Maryam Vahab; Jamal Ahmadi

Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2020, , Pages 31-35

Abstract

  Background: The relation between disfluency and aspects of language, including phonology, has been investigated for many years. Whereas past literature reported that the incidence of ...  Read More Background: The relation between disfluency and aspects of language, including phonology, has been investigated for many years. Whereas past literature reported that the incidence of phonological difficulties is higher in children who stutter when compared to normally fluent children, the suggestion of association between the two disorders also drew several critical evaluation. This study investigated the phonological awareness abilities of four- and five- year old non-fluent preschool children.Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was done on 50 children. 25 non-fluent preschool children (21 boys and 4 girls) were paired according to age, sex and socioeconomic status to their typically fluent peers. Participants completed multiple measures of phonological awareness abilities, as well as measures of expressive and receptive vocabulary and articulation.Results: Regarding the scores of the phonological awareness test there were significant differences between non-fluent children and their typically fluent peers. The four year old children who were non-fluent performed significantly less well than their typically fluent peers on tasks of syllable awareness, intra syllable awareness and phoneme syllable awareness. The five year old non-fluent preschool children performed significantly less well than their typically fluent peers on tasks of intra syllable awareness and phoneme syllable awareness.Conclusion: Results suggest that non-fluent preschool children have phonological differences in aspects of phonological awareness that may contribute to an unstable language planning system in preschool children who stutter.

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The effect of Neurofeedback Training on Working Memory and Perceptual-motor development in Athlete Boys

Amir Dana; saleh rafiee; Amin Gholami

Volume 6, Issue 1 , March 2019, , Pages 34-40

Abstract

  Background: This research aims to study the effect of neurofeedback training on the working memory and perceptual-motor development of athlete boys. Methods: Thirty athlete boy students ...  Read More Background: This research aims to study the effect of neurofeedback training on the working memory and perceptual-motor development of athlete boys. Methods: Thirty athlete boy students of Gorgan province were selected by convenient sampling and participated in the research process. First, a pretest was conducted. All participants had done Wechsler digit span test and Lincoln-Oseretsky perceptual-motor capabilities test. After that, participants were randomly divided into test and control groups. Subjects of the experiment group had 12 one-hour sessions neurofeedback training while the control group subjects received no intervention during this time. Data were analyzed by using multivariate covariance test (MANCOVA) by SPSS 18. Results: The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between mean direct and reverse digit span numbers and perceptual-motor development of the experiment group before and after treatment (P<0.05) and neurofeedback training has positive effect on the working memory and perceptual-motor development of athlete boys. Conclusion: Regarding the results of the current research, it seems that neurofeedback training is effective on the working memory and perceptual-motor development of athlete boys; however, more research is required to achieve more definite results about the effective and perpetual effects of neurofeedback on the cognitive function of people. 

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The Effect of Online Teaching on the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pain in Female Students during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Leila Ghanbari; Salman khazaei; Saeideh Sadat Mortazavi; Hossein Saremi; homa naderifar

Volume 9, Issue 1 , March 2022, , Pages 36-41

Abstract

  Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has led to the largest disruption ineducation systems in human history. The use of online teaching increased daily,finally affecting more than 200 ...  Read More Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has led to the largest disruption ineducation systems in human history. The use of online teaching increased daily,finally affecting more than 200 million students worldwide. The aim of thepresent study was to compare the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in femalestudents during the Covid-19 pandemic with the pre-pandemic period.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in two stages: beforethe Covid-19 pandemic (October to December 2019) and during theCovid-19 pandemic (January to February 2020). The Nordic MusculoskeletalQuestionnaire (NMQ) was used to determine the musculoskeletal pain points.Data was analyzed using the t-test, McNemar test, and logistic regression inSPSS ver. 22, and a P<0.05 was considered as the significance level.Results: A significant decrease in the hours of physical activity (PA) was observedduring the pandemic (3.17±2.17 hours/week) (P<0.001) compared to the prepandemicperiod (4.76±4.92 hours/week), and a significant increase in hours ofusing e-learning aids was seen during the pandemic (45.29±23.24 hours/week)compared to the pre-pandemic period (13.01) (P<0.001). The McNemar testrevealed a significant difference in musculoskeletal pain in nine areas before andduring the Covid-19 pandemic (P<0.001). The results of the regression test alsoshowed that increasing the hours of online teaching and decreasing the hours ofPA increased the odds ratios of increasing musculoskeletal pain.Conclusion: Based on the present results, changing the teaching method duringthe Covid-19 pandemic and reducing physical activity has led to an increase inmusculoskeletal pain in students.

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Effect of Core Stability Training on the Endurance and Strength of Core in Basketball Players with Trunk Dysfunction

Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah; Hassan Daneshmandi; Ali Asghar Norasteh

Volume 7, Issue 2 , June 2020, , Pages 80-86

Abstract

  Background: Core stability is predominantly provided by the dynamic function of musculature. Although poor core stability ultimately leads to injury, a proper training can reduce injury. ...  Read More Background: Core stability is predominantly provided by the dynamic function of musculature. Although poor core stability ultimately leads to injury, a proper training can reduce injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of core stability training on the endurance and strength of core muscles among basketball players with trunk dysfunction.Methods: The present research was a semi-experimental study. 28 basketball players with trunk dysfunction were voluntarily participated in this study, who were then divided into two groups randomly as experimental (n=14) and control (n=14) groups. At the onset of the study, core strength and endurance were measured using some field-based tests. Dynamometer was utilized for strength and the Sorensen, trunk flexion, right and left bridge, and Prone Bridge were used for endurance measurements as pre-test. Experimental group performed the exercise training in terms of the protocol, three days per week, for a 6week period. By the end of the sixth week, the subjects performed the same core tests as post-test.Results: Some significant differences were observed in Sorensen (p=0.003), trunk flexion (p=0.001), prone bridge (p=0.001), right bridge (p=0.001), left bridge (p=0.001), total score of endurance (p=0.001), hip abduction strength (p=0.001), hip external rotation strength (p=0.001), trunk extension strength (p=0.001), and trunk flexion strength (p=0.001) between these two groups.Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that six weeks of core stability training improved core muscle strength and endurance, which are known as two components that being weak in people with trunk dysfunction. Overall, strength and conditioning coaches and basketball players with trunk dysfunction can incorporate the present study’s core training as a viable strategy to induce a significant improvement in the core suggesting a better trunk function.

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Standardization (translating and evaluating the validity and reliability) of the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale Questionnaire-12(SSQ12) to the Persian language

mahsa sepehrnejad; Farshid Rahimi; Nariman Rahbar; Mohammad Hossein Nilforoush; farnoosh Frajadi Rad

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2022, , Pages 84-88

Abstract

  Background: This study aimed to prepare the Persian version of Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale questionnaire-12 (SSQ-12-Persian version) and assess its validity and ...  Read More Background: This study aimed to prepare the Persian version of Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale questionnaire-12 (SSQ-12-Persian version) and assess its validity and reliability to facilitate the effect of the usage of hearing aids on individuals using them.Methods: This study is considered an original research type of article. The questionnaire was translated to Persian according to WHO method. Firstly, two fluent Persian-speaking translators translated the questionnaire from Persian to English, and then three audiologists examined the questionnaire. The questionnaire was then translated from Persian to English and conceptually reviewed by two bilingual translators. Finally, 99 senior persons aged 22 to 52 years who used hearing aids and had their hearing thresholds assessed lately were given the Persian version of the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale 12 (SSQ-12) questionnaire. T-test examination and Cronbach Alpha were used to assess the reliability and validity and test-retest reliability.Results: Persian version of the SSQ-12 questionnaire showed high internal consistency (assessed by Cronbach Alpha = 0.924) and high test-retest (assessed by Cronbach Alpha = 0.868) reliability.Conclusion: SSQ-12 questionnaire is a comprehensive summary of the SSQ-49 questionnaire. It would be one of the valid questionnaires to evaluate hearing performance improvement in hearing aids users. The paired sample t-test revealed that the Persian version of the SSQ-12 questionnaire has good reliability and validity, and Cronbach's alpha revealed that the questionnaire has strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha =0.924).The reliability of the test-retest after a month was obtained, and the total scale result was 0.867. According to this study's results, SSQ-12 can be used as other Persian translated questionnaires like GHABP, SHQ, and IOI-HA for examining the effectiveness of hearing aids and their effects on limiting disabilities related to hearing loss.

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Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Volitional Questionnaire in Patients with Severe Mental Illnesses

Moslem Cheraghifard; Narges Shafaroodi; Mitra Khalafbeigi; Farzaneh Yazdani; Faeze Alvandi

Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 86-90

Abstract

  Background: The volitional questionnaire is an observational tool to assess motivation, which is based on the MOHO model and completed by an assessor based on the individuals’ ...  Read More Background: The volitional questionnaire is an observational tool to assess motivation, which is based on the MOHO model and completed by an assessor based on the individuals’ observation when performing an occupation or activity. The present study aims to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of this instrument in individuals with severe mental illnesses and to provide an appropriate tool for volitional assessment. Methods: In this study, the volitional questionnaire was translated into Persian according to the IQOLA protocol. To assess the content validity, an expert panel was held with six experts. The face validity of the test was measured through completing a questionnaire by ten occupational therapists. To investigate the inter-rater reliability of the test, two testers completed the questionnaire for 30 individuals. The internal consistency of the instrument was calculated by performing the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, through completing the questionnaire for 98 individuals. Results: The participants in the expert panel stated that concept of motivation is properly reviewed by the items of questionnaire. All the questionnaire items had a significant important score of 0.7, indicating the suitability of its face validity. Inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.93) was ideal, and the internal consistency of the questionnaire (Cronbach's α = 0.86) was appropriate. Conclusion: The questionnaire has desirable validity and reliability and can be used by specialists as a suitable tool for clinical evaluation and therapeutic planning of individuals with severe mental illnesses.

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The Relationship between Hearing Thresholds Estimation and Results of Auditory-Verbal Therapy in Children with Bilateral Congenital Severe to Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

sadegh jafarzadeh

Volume 8, Issue 2 , June 2021, , Pages 86-89

Abstract

  Background: congenital severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SP-SNHL) causes serious difficulties in production and comprehension of speech, necessitates use of a thorough ...  Read More Background: congenital severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SP-SNHL) causes serious difficulties in production and comprehension of speech, necessitates use of a thorough rehabilitation program at early age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hearing thresholds and the result of auditory rehabilitation in children with bilateral congenital SP-SNHL.   Methods: This is a retrospective study. Thirty-five children (23 males and 12 females) with bilateral congenital SP-SNHL were evaluated based on Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR). The mean age of children at the beginning of rehabilitation was 37.36 (±17.10) months. They received bilateral superpower hearing aids and auditory rehabilitation based on Auditory-Verbal Therapy (AVT) approach. Their Speech production and comprehension were assessed at the beginning and end of rehabilitation via Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) and Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP). Results: The SIR and CAP scores showed improvement in 12 (34.3%) and 25 (71.4%) children, respectively. These children had lower ASSR thresholds in 0.5 to 4 k Hz relative to others. The mean ASSR thresholds were 85.63 to 97.50 versus 96.09 to 104.75 (p < 0.05). Also, lower hearing thresholds were related to better results in auditory rehabilitation (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Lower hearing thresholds in children with SP-SNHL are associated with better rehabilitation results.

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Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and their Associated Factors among Iranian Physical Therapists during COVID-19 Pandemic: An Onlinebased Cross-sectional Survey

leila valizadeh; Razieh Mofateh; Maryam Seyedtabib

Volume 10, Issue 2 , June 2023, , Pages 87-92

Abstract

  Background: Most physiotherapy treatments require direct contact with patients, which could predispose physical therapists to the transmission of infection. The present study aimed ...  Read More Background: Most physiotherapy treatments require direct contact with patients, which could predispose physical therapists to the transmission of infection. The present study aimed to investigate the depression, anxiety, and stress of physical therapists during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Method: A cross-sectional, web-based survey was applied during the pandemic. The survey was completed by 135 physical therapists working in Iran. The depression-anxiety and stress scale 21 (DASS-21) was used to evaluate their depression, anxiety, and stress statuses. A multiple regression analysis was used to identify the demographic characteristics factors related to depression, anxiety, and stress.Results: The results showed that 43.7%, 43.8%, and 54.8% of physical therapists had severe and very severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. In addition, female physical therapists had higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The level of anxiety was higher in physical therapists working in hospitals and those with more work experience.Conclusion: Our findings indicated that COVID-19 resulted in high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in Iranian physical therapists. Therefore, the mental health of physical therapists should be regularly monitored, and the proper support and training in coping strategies should be provided for them.

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