Document Type : Original Articles
Authors
1 Department of Physical Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Sport Science Research Institute of Iran (SSRI), Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background: This research aims to study the effect of neurofeedback training on the working memory and perceptual-motor development of athlete boys.
Methods: Thirty athlete boy students of Gorgan province were selected by convenient sampling and participated in the research process. First, a pretest was conducted. All participants had done Wechsler digit span test and Lincoln-Oseretsky perceptual-motor capabilities test. After that, participants were randomly divided into test and control groups. Subjects of the experiment group had 12 one-hour sessions neurofeedback training while the control group subjects received no intervention during this time. Data were analyzed by using multivariate covariance test (MANCOVA) by SPSS 18.
Results: The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between mean direct and reverse digit span numbers and perceptual-motor development of the experiment group before and after treatment (P<0.05) and neurofeedback training has positive effect on the working memory and perceptual-motor development of athlete boys.
Conclusion: Regarding the results of the current research, it seems that neurofeedback training is effective on the working memory and perceptual-motor development of athlete boys; however, more research is required to achieve more definite results about the effective and perpetual effects of neurofeedback on the cognitive function of people.
Keywords
- Moran AP. The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. Psychology Press; 2016.
- Furley PA, Memmert D. Working memory capacity as controlled attention in tactical decision making. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2012; 34(3):322-44.
- Melby-Lervåg M, Hulme C. There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is effective: A reply to Au et al.(2014) and Karbach and Verhaeghen (2014). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2016; 23(1):324-30.
- Baddeley AD. The concept of working memory: A view of its current state and probable future development. InExploring Working Memory 2017 (pp. 99-106). Routledge.
- Baddeley AD, Hitch G. Working memory. InPsychology of learning and motivation 1974 (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89). Academic press.
- Baddeley A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature reviews neuroscience. 2003; 4(10):829.
- Gerst KR, Gunn RL, Finn PR. Delay discounting of losses in alcohol use disorders and antisocial psychopathology: Effects of a working memory load. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2017; 41(10):1768-74.
- Morrison AB, Chein JM. Does working memory training work? The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory. Psychonomic bulletin & review. 2011; 18(1):46-60.
- Martins AQ, Kavussanu M, Willoughby A, Ring C. Moderate intensity exercise facilitates working memory. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2013; 14(3):323-8.
- Barrett LF, Tugade MM, Engle RW. Individual differences in working memory capacity and dual-process theories of the mind. Psychological bulletin. 2004; 130(4):553.
- Bailey R. Playing social chess: Children's play and social intelligence. Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development. 2002; 22(2):163-73.
- Thomas JR, Silverman S, Nelson J. Research methods in physical activity, 7E. Human kinetics; 2015.
- Payne VG, Isaacs LD. Human motor development: A lifespan approach. Routledge; 2017.
- Hammond DC. LENS Neurofeedback Treatment of Anger: Preliminary Reports. Journal of Neurotherapy. 2010; 14(2):162-9.
- Masterpasqua F, Healey KN. Neurofeedback in Psychological Practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2003; 34(6):652.
- Schwartz MS, Andrasik F, editors. Biofeedback: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Publications; 2017.
- Kouijzer ME, van Schie HT, de Moor JM, Gerrits BJ, Buitelaar JK. Neurofeedback treatment in autism. Preliminary findings in behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological functioning. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2010; 4(3):386-99.
- Hurt E, Arnold LE, Lofthouse N. Quantitative EEG neurofeedback for the treatment of pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, learning disorders, and epilepsy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics. 2014; 23(3):465-86.
- Larsen S, Sherlin L. Neurofeedback: an emerging technology for treating central nervous system dysregulation. Psychiatric Clinics. 2013; 36(1):163-8.
- Hsueh JJ, Chen TS, Chen JJ, Shaw FZ. Neurofeedback training of EEG alpha rhythm enhances episodic and working memory. Human brain mapping. 2016; 37(7):2662-75.
- Frey LC, Koberda JL. LORETA Z-score neurofeedback in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Neurol Neurobiol Volume1. 2015; 1.
- Thompson M, Thompson L. The neurofeedback book. Wheat Ridge, CO: Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback; 2015.
- Wang JR, Hsieh S. Neurofeedback training improves attention and working memory performance. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2013; 124(12):2406-20.
- Escolano C, Aguilar M, Minguez J. EEG-based upper alpha neurofeedback training improves working memory performance. InEngineering in medicine and biology society, EMBC, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE 2011 (pp. 2327-2330). IEEE.
- Dashtbozorgi Z, Ahangar MD, Aminalsharieh S, Ashoori J, Alizadeh M. The Effect of Neurofeedback Training on Sustain Attention and Working Memory in Male Elementary School Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.2017; 5 (4): 5-13.
- Sadeghi N, Nazari MA, Alizade M, Kamali M. The effect of neurofeedback training on EEG and balance performance in children with reading disorder. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2013;7( 3):32-9.
- NAINIAN M, Babapour J, GAROOSI FM, SHAEERI M, Rostami R. Comparing the influence of drug therapy and neurofeedback training on reduction of anxiety symptoms and life quality of generalized anxiety disorder (gad) patients. IJPCP. 2013; 18 (3): 211-219.
- Doppelmayr M, Weber E. Effects of SMR and theta/beta neurofeedback on reaction times, spatial abilities, and creativity. Journal of Neurotherapy. 2011; 15(2):115-29.
- Aupperle RL, Melrose AJ, Stein MB, Paulus MP. Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology. 2012; 62(2):686-94.
- Moradi A, Salimi M, Fathi-Ashtiani A. Memory performance of patients suffering post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from the war. JBS. 2011; 4(4): 269-276.
- Bruninks R. Bruninks Oseretsky test of motor proficiency: Examiners manual. Minnesota: American Guidance Service. 1978.
- Salehi H, Zarezadeh M, Salek B. Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of Motor Observation Questionnaire for Teachers (PMOQ-T). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology. 2012; 18(3): 211-219.
- Boggio PS, Ferrucci R, Rigonatti SP, Covre P, Nitsche M, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2006; 249(1):31-8.
- Oftadehal M, Movahedi Y, Sepahvand R. The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Training on Improving Reaction time Performance in Football Athletes. Community Health journal. 2018; 11(2):1-9.
- Demos JN. Getting started with neurofeedback. WW Norton & Company; 2005.
- Nan W, Qu X, Yang L, Wan F, Hu Y, Mou P, Mak PI, Mak PU, Vai MI, Rosa A. Beta/theta neurofeedback training effects in physical balance of healthy people. InWorld Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 7-12, 2015, Toronto, Canada 2015 (pp. 1213-1216). Springer, Cham.
- Azarpaikan A, Torbati HT, Sohrabi M. Neurofeedback and physical balance in Parkinson's patients. Gait & posture. 2014; 40(1):177-81.
- Lee YS, Bae SH, Lee SH, Kim KY. Neurofeedback training improves the dual-task performance ability in stroke patients. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine. 2015; 236(1):81-8.
)