Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research

Treatment of Myofascial Trigger Points of Pelvic Floor with Physiotherapeutic Package: A Case Report

Esmaeil Shokri; Marzieh Mohamadi; Saeed Heidari

Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2015, , Pages 20-22

Abstract

  Background:There are various factors that may cause pain and dysfunction in the pelvic region. Myofascial trigger points can likewise contribute in pelvic pain. Common treatments for ...  Read More Background:There are various factors that may cause pain and dysfunction in the pelvic region. Myofascial trigger points can likewise contribute in pelvic pain. Common treatments for myofascial trigger points include electrotherapy, laser therapy, massage, ischemic compression, dry-needling, stretch, icing, heating, and biofeedback.Case report:A 26 year old man with an exertion-related pain that lasted 5 months was referred for physiotherapy consultation. He had no pain at rest but reported a referral pain from perineal region to the anus and muscular stiffness following a bout of physical activity. On palpation there was a trigger point in the perineal region with referral pain to anus.  At the beginning of the treatment, the patient was asked to stop his physical activities. The patient received a treatment package which was useful in the management of trigger points. After 7 sessions of treatment the pain was diminished and there was no exercise induced stiffness. The patient was followed for 10 months later and no pain and stiffness was reported.Conclusion:The application of heat, friction massage, stretching, combined with endurance exercise could be an effective treatment for reliving the pain and muscular stiffness caused by trigger points.

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The Comparison between Spectral and Entropic Measures Following Fatigue in Erector Spinae Muscles

Saeed Talebian; Maryam Saba; Hossein Bagheri; Gholamreza Olyaei; Shiva Mousavi

Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2016, , Pages 20-24

Abstract

  Background: Surface electromyography (sEMG) of muscles is a non-invasive tool that can be helpful in the assessment of muscle function and some motor control evaluations. A loss of ...  Read More Background: Surface electromyography (sEMG) of muscles is a non-invasive tool that can be helpful in the assessment of muscle function and some motor control evaluations. A loss of force, known as muscle fatigue is accompanied by changes in muscle electrical activity. One of the most commonly used surface EMG parameters which reflects paraspinal muscle fatigue during different tasks and positions is median frequency. Although it is widely known that the electromyography power spectrum shifts to lower frequencies during fatiguing contraction, an opinion exists that the validity of spectral shifts in assessment of fatigue is questionable. Some researchers have examined whether other quantities derived from sEMG signals are better indicators for muscle fatigue. Following cyclic flexion/extension and consequence fatigue, variation in sEMG signals may be complex for study. The aim of this study was to determine which of the median frequency (MF) or entropic (ENTR) is more sensitive for measuring muscular fatigue in erector spinae muscles during cyclic flexion/extension.Methods: Surface electromyography of erector spine muscles was recorded in 25 healthy subjects during cyclic dynamic contractions. The experimental session consisted of two parts: measurement of Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC), and performing the fatigue test. All subjects performed rhythmic flexion/extension with 50% MVC loading against B-200 Isostation, about 4-6 minutes. The MF and ENTR of the muscle activities were computed to assess muscular fatigue.Results: Paired sample t-tests showed that MF and ENTR changes after fatigue test were significant (P <0.001). Percentage changes of both MF and ENTR were reduced, this reduction for ENTR was more than 40% (P <0.001).Conclusion: It seems that the changes of ENTR in muscle activities have the ability to measure muscular fatigue and is more sensitive in comparison to MF.

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Comparison of plantar pressure on normal -footed vs. high arch-footed badminton players in two-way lunge

parvane bazipoor; seyed sadreddin shojaeddin; ali shahhoseini; iraj abdollahi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , March 2017, , Pages 20-25

Abstract

  Background: Compared to the individuals with a normal arch structure, thosewith high or low arch can be at an increased risk of overuse injuries. The riskof overuse injury among athletes ...  Read More Background: Compared to the individuals with a normal arch structure, thosewith high or low arch can be at an increased risk of overuse injuries. The riskof overuse injury among athletes is high due, in part, to the repeated loadingof the lower extremities. The current study aimed to determine if foot type(high-arched or normal) results in differences in plantar pressure during twobadminton-specific movements (right-reverse lunge and right-lateral lunge).Methods: Twenty badminton players (10 with normal feet and 10 with higharchedfeet) completed five trials in both right-reverse and right-lateral lunge,while in-shoe pressure data were collected at 100 Hz. The peak pressure andmean pressure were analyzed among the subjects for five major anatomicalregions of the foot, using the independent t test in SPSS version 20. The foot typewas determined by the foot posture index (FPI) (α<0.05).Results: Results showed that the plantar pressure characteristics of normal andhigh-arched feet were different; such that in high-arched feet, as compared tonormal subjects, there were significantly fewer pressure strikes in the medial(P=0.010) and lateral (P=0.002) mid-foot in right-reverse lunge and this wassignificantly higher in forefoot (P=0.003) and toes (P=0.010). However, thepeak (P=0.157) and mean (P=0.104) pressure in the heel was higher but notsignificant. In the right- lateral lunge, we found statistically lower peak pressurestroke for the lateral mid-foot (P=0.010) and forefoot (P=0.011); however, themean pressure was lower in the lateral (P=0.010) and medial (P=0.040) mid-footand forefoot (P=0.120), although it was not significant in the forefoot.Conclusion: Results showed that the medial longitudinal arch of the foot mightcause pressure differences in the feet among the players with normal and higharchedfeet. As the results demonstrated, in high-arched feet, there are some regionswhere plantar pressure is higher and some where it is lower. Therefore, in orderto prevent the badminton players from suffering probable foot injuries, attentionshould be paid to the compatibility of the insole/shoe and the medial longitudinalarch and other areas of the foot that suffer more pressures than normal subjects.. 

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The Comparison of Neurodevelopmental- Bobath Approach with Occupational Therapy Home Program on Gross Motor Function of Children with Cerebral Palsy

Faranak Behzadi; Hesammedin Noroozi; Marzieh Mohamadi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , March 2014, , Pages 21-24

Abstract

  Background & objectives: Traditional Bobath approach (TBA) is one of the several methods using in treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) who referred to occupational therapy ...  Read More Background & objectives: Traditional Bobath approach (TBA) is one of the several methods using in treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) who referred to occupational therapy setting. In this study, the effect of TBA compared with home program Bobath approach (HPBA), on the gross motor function (GMF) of children with CP.Methods: in this clinical trial, 30 children with CP studied in two groups of 15, randomly. Control group received Bobath traditional services 12 sessions. In the intervention group, along with these services, parents participated in training program and fallowed the exercises. Peabody scale assessed GMF before and after intervention.Results: GMF increased significantly in both groups. In addition, differences between the two groups were significant (p=.007).Conclusions: the results of this study showed that TBA with HPBA was more effective than the traditional ones.

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The Effects of a Period of Selected Physical Activity on Improving Manipulative and Locomotors Skills of Children with Neuropsychological Learning Disabilities

Amir Dana; Efstathios Christodoulides

Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2020, , Pages 25-30

Abstract

  Background: the aim of this research was to investigate the effects of a period of selected physical activity on improving the fundamental skills of manipulation and locomotion in children ...  Read More Background: the aim of this research was to investigate the effects of a period of selected physical activity on improving the fundamental skills of manipulation and locomotion in children with neuropsychological learning disabilities. Methodsː the present research was semi-experimental. A total of 30 students with neuropsychological learning disorders with an average age of 7.76 participated in this research selected by available sampling. The instrument utilized in this research was the test of Gross Motor Skills. After performing the pretest of locomotor and manipulative skills, the participants were classified homogeneously into experimental and control groups. The experimental group, in addition to taking part in their routine classes at school, also participated in twelve 45-min sessions (three sessions per week) in the Spark program. The control group took part in only their own routine classes. By the end of the 12th session, a posttest was performed. The data were analyzed through covariance analysis in SPSS 22. The significance level was considered as p<0.05. Results: the results showed that in the variables of locomotion (running (P<0.001), hopping (p=0.001) and long jump (p=0.001), as well as manipulative variables (kicking (P<0.001), overhead throwing (P<0.001) and catching (p=0.0001) there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Based on the main differences, the experimental group displayed better performance compared to the control group. Conclusion: overall, it can be stated that a 12-session course based on a selected physical activity can result in improved locomotor and manipulative skills in children with neuropsychological learning disorders.

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The effect of dry needling of trigger points in forearm’s extensor muscles on the grip force, pain and function of athletes with chronic tennis elbow

Zahra Etminan; Mohsen Razeghi; Farahnaz Ghafarinejad

Volume 6, Issue 1 , March 2019, , Pages 27-33

Abstract

  Background: Tennis elbow syndrome (TES) is mainly known by having pain in the external side of the elbow. Physiotherapy plays an effective role in the treatment of this syndrome. Dry ...  Read More Background: Tennis elbow syndrome (TES) is mainly known by having pain in the external side of the elbow. Physiotherapy plays an effective role in the treatment of this syndrome. Dry needling is a less invasive, novel, and inexpensive method that shows its therapeutic effects in a shorter time in comparison with the other physiotherapy methods. Effect on tough bands, circulation, and environmental and central neurophysiological effects are some mechanisms by which dry needling poses its effects. The aim of this study was to study the effect of adding dry needling to routine physiotherapy methods in order to improve grip strength and function and reduce pain, as well as to decrease costs and treatment duration for treating tennis elbow syndrome. Methods: Forty four athletes aged 18 to 40 years old who had exercise or match for at least 3 sessions per week (for a sum of 6 hours per week), and were detected to have tennis elbow syndrome lasting more than 3 months were recognized and classified into two groups. The first group received physiotherapy including ultrasound, deep friction massage, and muscle stretching and strengthening exercises. The second group received dry needling in addition to physiotherapy treatment. Therapeutic duration was 3 weeks in each group and 3 sessions in each week. The patient rate elbow evaluation questionnaire (PREE) was completed at the beginning of treatment and the beginning of the second and third weeks, as well as at the end of the third week; grip strength was measured at the mentioned times as well. One week after the end of the therapeutic period, patients were re-evaluated for the reliability rate of the treatment outcomes. For analysis of data obtained for the study, repeated measure test, Mixed ANOVA, and Paired T-test statistical tests were used. Results: Results showed that all evaluated variables (including pain, function, and grip strength) were improved in the patients of both groups after completion of the therapeutic period (P<0.0001). Comparison of the two groups showed a significant difference in the pain variable at the seventh session with P<0.0001, the ninth session with P=0.006, and one week after the end of treatment with P<0.001, and the performance variable at seventh sessions with P<0.0001, ninth sessions with P=0.006, and one week after the end of treatment with P<0.0001, respectively. The pain reduction and function increase rates were higher in the group that received dry needling in addition to physiotherapy in comparison with the group that received physiotherapy after the seventh session. Regarding grip strength variable, the mean of groups was different, though the effect of these two methods in the enhancement of grip strength was not statistically significant (P=0.09). Moreover, regarding the results obtained for the group that received physiotherapy in addition to dry needling, the pain variable reduced in a shorter time in comparison with the other group. Conclusion: With regard to the results mentioned above, both therapeutic methods resulted in an improvement in the studied variables in a comparison that was performed before and after treatment. Moreover, in comparison with the single physiotherapy, using dry needling in addition to physiotherapy had a more powerful effect in improving the studied variables. Therefore, it could be said that using dry needling in addition to other therapeutic methods results in the facilitation of treatment process in the patients, and can reduce their therapeutic costs.

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Effect of Thoracic Hyper-Kyphosis Posture on Upper Extremity Function of Female Students

Mohammad Karimizadeh Ardakani; Zahra Soroush Fard; Fatemeh Amirizadeh; Homa Naderifar

Volume 9, Issue 1 , March 2022, , Pages 30-35

Abstract

  Background: Thoracic hyper-kyphosis is one of the most common posturaldisorders of the spinal column. Decreased strength of spinal extensor musclesand range of motion of joints such ...  Read More Background: Thoracic hyper-kyphosis is one of the most common posturaldisorders of the spinal column. Decreased strength of spinal extensor musclesand range of motion of joints such as the shoulder is associated with hyperkyphosis,which can affect the physical function and life of an individual. The fpresent study aimed to investigate the effect of thoracic hyper-kyphosis on upperextremity function among female students.Methods: The current cross-sectional study included a population consistingof 226 female students aged 13-18 years old divided into two groups: 113participants with normal and 113 with abnormal thoracic hyper-kyphosis. Thekyphosis angle was measured using a flexible ruler, and the Y test, Davis test, anddisabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) questionnaire were used tomeasure upper extremity function. Independent t-test and Pearson’s correlationwere employed for data analysis.Results: The Davis, Y, and DASH test results showed a significant differencein upper extremity function between subjects with and those without thoracichyper-kyphosis (P<0.05), with the abnormal thoracic hyper-kyphosis groupshowing poorer function than the normal group. The results also demonstrateda significant relationship between the kyphosis angle and the Davis, Y, andDASH tests (P<0.05).Conclusion: Overall, kyphosis abnormality was found to lead to weak upperextremity function, and an inverse relationship was observed between thekyphosis angle and the Davis test and Y balance test. Moreover, a directrelationship was found between the kyphosis angle and DASH test.

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Investigating the Effects of Vestibular Stimulation on Balance Performance in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study

Seyed Ali Hosseini; Bahareh Zeynalzadeh Ghoochani; Saeed Talebian; Ebrahim Pishyare; Hojjat Allah Haghgoo; Roya Mahmoodi Meymand; Afsaneh Zeinalzadeh

Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2015, , Pages 41-46

Abstract

  Background: Centre of pressure displacement is an indicator of postural control. Children with cerebral palsy have poor postural control. One common intervention to enhance their balance ...  Read More Background: Centre of pressure displacement is an indicator of postural control. Children with cerebral palsy have poor postural control. One common intervention to enhance their balance is vestibular stimulation. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vestibular stimulation on COP parameters in children with cerebral palsy (3-10 years old).Methods: This study was a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Twenty children with cerebral palsy received vestibular stimulation, two sessions per week with a course of twelve sessions, based on vestibular stimulation protocol including antero­posterior, lateral, ascending – descending movements and spinning. One cerebral palsy group experienced current and conventional occupational therapy while the other received a period of vestibular stimulation during treatment. Force plate outcome measures were center of pressure displacement parameters as well as velocity, area, displacement in X and Y axes.Results: According to Mann-Whitney U test, means in post-tests in two groups with both conditions of eyes open and closed were significant in velocity parameter (eyes open P= 0.036; eyes closed P = 0.021) while Area parameter, COP displacement in X axis (Rang fore after), COP displacement in Y axis (Rang side way) were not significant (P>0.05). Wilcoxon Test showed significant difference in the velocity parameter; eyes open (P=0.012) and eyes closed (P =0.018).Conclusion: Children who received vestibular stimulation are able to change and control COP displacement faster (according to changes in velocity parameters). So we suggest rehabilitation team members especially occupational therapist to apply vestibular stimulation during their treatment.

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Stabilization Exercise Benefits in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case Report

Amin Yoosefi Kordi; Fatemeh Jabari; Mahnaz Setooni

Volume 1, Issue 2 , June 2014, , Pages 44-46

Abstract

  Background: ALS is the most devastating form of motor neuron disease, and the chance of survival is 3 to 5 years after the diagnosis is made. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. ...  Read More Background: ALS is the most devastating form of motor neuron disease, and the chance of survival is 3 to 5 years after the diagnosis is made. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. Several upper and lower motor neuron symptoms such as weakness, gait bradykinesia, and muscle atrophy have been reported. The core muscles are considered to be the center of the functional kinetic chain due to the links with upper and lower limbs.Methods: The patient in this case study was a 42 year-old woman suffering from ALSfor two years prior to the study. She had typical upper and lower motor symptoms, but her chief complaints were inability to walk, standing balance impairment, and a tendency to fall posteriorly. She performed core stabilization exercises, which were done three times per day. She was followed for three months.Results: Core stabilization exercises improved her quality of life, and she could walk independently after three months of exercise. In addition, her tendency toward falling posteriorly was completely alleviated.Conclusion: Core stabilization exercises were beneficial to the patient, and she was satisfied because her quality of life had improved.

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Development and Validation of the Persian Version of the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) Test in Normal Children Aged 5-8 Years

Abdollah Moossavi; Najmeh Shokoufeh; Saeideh Mehrkian; Akbar Biglarian; Younes Lotfi

Volume 3, Issue 2 , June 2016, , Pages 45-50

Abstract

  Background: The goal of the present study was to develop and validate the Persian version of the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) test in normal, Persian-speaking children aged 5-8 years.Methods: ...  Read More Background: The goal of the present study was to develop and validate the Persian version of the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) test in normal, Persian-speaking children aged 5-8 years.Methods: This tool-making and non-experimental research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage the proper story was selected and recorded after evaluation of its content validity. In the second stage this test material was administered to a total 181 normal children (97 girls and 84 boys) randomly chosen from the population of preschool and primary school children of Tehran (District 5), aged 5-8 years in four age groups to evaluate the reliability of test in order to develop the Persian version of the ANL test and assess its changes during the growth. Lawshe’s method and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to assess the content validity and reliability of the test, respectively. Mann–Whitney U test was used to examine gender differences, and Kruskal-Wallis test was to examine age differences.Results: Test-retest correlation of 0.74 indicated acceptable reliability of the test. Significant differences were found between most of different age groups for the ANL mean scores (P<0.05). There was no significant gender difference for the ANL mean scores (P>0.05).Conclusion: The study results indicated good validity and reliability of the Persian version of the ANL test in children. Therefore this test can be useful in designing classrooms suitable for 5-8 year-old children of both genders.

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The Interaction of Knee, Hip and L5-S1 Joint Contact Forces and spatiotemporal variables between Sound and Prosthetic Leg in Patients with Unilateral below-knee Amputation during Walking

Keyvan Sharifmoradi; Mostafa kamali Ardekani; Mohammad Taghi Karimi

Volume 4, Issue 2 , June 2017, , Pages 53-59

Abstract

  Background: there is little knowledge explaining how forces applied on knee, hip and L5-S1 joint between the sound and prosthetic leg in unilateral Below-Knee Amputation (BKA), so the ...  Read More Background: there is little knowledge explaining how forces applied on knee, hip and L5-S1 joint between the sound and prosthetic leg in unilateral Below-Knee Amputation (BKA), so the aim of this study was to assess the interaction of knee, hip and L5-S1 joint contact forces between sound and prosthetic leg in patients with unilateral BKA during walkingMethods: Five patients with BKA were recruited in this study. A Qualisys motion system capture with seven cameras and a Kistler force plate were used to record kinematics and kinetics variables of walking. The forces applied on knee, hip and L5-S1 joint contact forces (JCF) were calculated by using Open-SIM software. SPSS software was used to analyze data at an alpha set point of 0.05.Result: The propulsive and second peaks of ground reaction forces applied on sound leg were significantly higher than prosthetic leg (p<0.05). Although the forces applied on hip, knee and L5-S1 joint in the sound leg were higher compared to prosthetic leg, the interaction between side and joint factor was not significant (p>0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the meaningful JCF applied on the sound leg were more than that of prosthetic leg. Insignificant increases in JCF on the sound leg during life can create cumulative forces on knee and low-back and endanger these joints at the risk of knee OA and chronic low-back pain. Balanced forces applied on sound and prosthetic leg is important, if this is the case, so indicating using a proper usage of socket pin and prosthetic feet which may have beneficial impact on sound side loads.

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Study of Chronotype (Morningness-Eveningness) on Daily and Weekly Fluctuations of Preschool Children Aggression

Zohre Nasiri Zarch; Massoud Sharifi; Mahmood Heidari; Shahla Pakdaman; Hojatolla Raji

Volume 5, Issue 2 , June 2018, , Pages 53-62

Abstract

  Background: The present study aimed at studying the morningness-eveningness chronotype (MEC) of daily and weekly biorhythm fluctuations in the aggression of preschool children. Methods: ...  Read More Background: The present study aimed at studying the morningness-eveningness chronotype (MEC) of daily and weekly biorhythm fluctuations in the aggression of preschool children. Methods: This was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population was preschool children in Tehran. One hundred children were selected through purposive sampling. They were examined at different times of day (08:00, 10:00, 13:00 and 15:00) and different days of the week (Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday). The data collection tool used was the MEC questionnaire for children, a behavioral questionnaire for preschool children and a self-report questionnaire about aggression. The data was analyzed using mixed ANOVA. Results: The results showed that the aggressive behavior of pre-school children in the educational environment varies throughout the day and week. Also, the aggressive performance of preschool children in the morning differed from that of mid-session children or evening-type children in the educational environment during the week (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the behavioral questionnaire showed that the effect of the group on the level of aggression was not significant, but the effect of the day of the week and time of day was significant.

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Effects of Acute Fatigue of the Tibialis Anterior Due to a Weight-Bearing Muscle Activity on the Ankle Joint Position Sense in Healthy Subjects

Ali Ghanbari; Farahnaz Ghaffarinejad; Farshid Mohammadi

Volume 1, Issue 3 , September 2014, , Pages 67-71

Abstract

  Background: Joint position sense (JPS) is comprised of sensory input from several sources, including skin, joint capsule/ligaments, and muscular receptors. If the muscle receptors play ...  Read More Background: Joint position sense (JPS) is comprised of sensory input from several sources, including skin, joint capsule/ligaments, and muscular receptors. If the muscle receptors play a leading role in detecting joint position awareness, then muscle fatigue might yield a declination in JPS. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a sustained fatiguing contraction of the tibialis anterior (ankle dorsiflexor) could alter the ankle JPS.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 40 healthy subjects (age, 23.9±2.3 years; height, 172.6±5.7 cm; weight, 67.8±4.7 kg) were recruited. Subjects were asked to recognize 2 pre-recognized positions (10° in dorsiflexion (DF) and 21° in plantarflexion (PF)) for 2 experimental conditions: normal and fatigued. Muscular fatigue was induced in the tibialis anterior of the dominant leg by using an isometric test. The average of the absolute angular error (AAE) deviations from the target positions of three trials were recorded as scores for both fatigue and non-fatigue conditions.Results: There was significant decrease in subjects’ abilities to recognize active and passive repositioning of their ankle after a fatigue protocol (P=0.0001).Conclusion: The acuity of the ankle JPS is reduced subsequent to a fatigue protocol.

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The Effects of Listening to Persian Music on the Hand Dexterity and Depression in a Patient with Stroke: A Case Report

Reyhaneh Maktoufi; Nastaran Ghotbi; Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari

Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2015, , Pages 68-70

Abstract

  Introduction:Nowadays the use of music therapy for neurological disorders in developed countries is widely emphasized. Despite this, there is little scientific evidence regarding the ...  Read More Introduction:Nowadays the use of music therapy for neurological disorders in developed countries is widely emphasized. Despite this, there is little scientific evidence regarding the use of this method for the treatment of Iranian patients with stroke. Case report: Since Iranian patients are more familiar with Persian music,this study was performed to describe the effects of listening to the Persian music played with Daf (an Iranian music instrument) in a 54-year-old man with chronic stroke.Discussion: This case report could show for the first time, the positive effect of passive listening to Persian music with Iranian Daf instrument on the hand dexterity and depression in a patient with chronic stroke.

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Distribution of different types of expressive lexicon in 18–24-month-old Sorani-Kurdish-speaking children

Serve Zarei; Talieh Zarifian; Hosaine Rahmani; Samaneh Hoseinzadeh

Volume 3, Issue 3 , September 2016, , Pages 72-76

Abstract

  Background: In the age of 18–19 months, a child’s lexicon increases by acquisition of five words per week. Linguists consider this a period of vocabulary spurt. In the early stages ...  Read More Background: In the age of 18–19 months, a child’s lexicon increases by acquisition of five words per week. Linguists consider this a period of vocabulary spurt. In the early stages of language acquisition, the diversity of vocabulary also increases in addition to an increase in the number of words. The goal of the present study was to examine the distribution of different types of expressive words in 18–24-month-old Sorani-Kurdish-speaking children.Methods: The present research was conducted in a longitudinal form (for three months) on 16 Kurdish infants of Bukan )four girls and four boys of 18 months in age, and four girls and four boys of 21 months). Normal children were selected, based on their health and demographic records. The data collection materials included a weekly vocabulary recording sheet, a vocabulary list, and a demographic questionnaire. All the data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software, with the significance level set at 0. 05. Since the data were normally distributed, independent samples were subjected to T-tests and repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare the vocabulary distribution (nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs) in gender and age groups.Results: There was no significant difference between genders in the number and type of words (p>0.05). In both groups, with increasing age, the number and variation of the words increased (p<0.05). The most frequently expressed words were nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Among the expressed nouns, the most common ones were food categories (19.51%). Of the expressed adjectives, the most common ones related to condition. Among the expressed verbs, the most common ones were imperatives (80%) and positives (90%). Among the expressed adverbs, the most common ones were adverbs of place (90%).Conclusion: It seems from the findings that the distribution and diversity of vocabulary categories follow a pattern similar to other languages. 

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Description of Three Time-Domain Speech Features in Children with Down syndrome: A pilot study

Shiva Ebrahimian Dehaghani; Mahmood Bijankhan; Fateme Arjmandpur; Hoda Mozoonei; Omid Yaghini; Mohadeseh Ebrahimian

Volume 7, Issue 2 , June 2020, , Pages 75-79

Abstract

  Background: The present pilot study aims at investigating the three features of time domain in speech in Persian-speaking children with Down syndrome. Methods: In this Cross sectional ...  Read More Background: The present pilot study aims at investigating the three features of time domain in speech in Persian-speaking children with Down syndrome. Methods: In this Cross sectional study, our sample consisted of two 3-8-year-old children (2 males) with Down syndrome (4.9 years old and standard deviation of 1.52). Inclusion criteria were children with Down syndrome, aged 3-8 years old, no neurological or motor disorders, sensory disorders and psychiatric disorders. The voice sample of the children was analyzed with Praat, and the phonetic features of the voice onset time, vowel duration time and closure duration time were evaluated and descriptive statistics were reported by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version (SPSS, Inc., Chicago IL, USA; version 16).  Results: we found that in /pa/, the mean of the voice onset time variable is (0.04±0.00) and in /ta/ the mean of the voice onset time variable is (0.04±0.00).  Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the speech time domain features in Persian-speaking children with Down syndrome were similar to these features in other languages, which could be due to problems with the tone and muscular strength in these children.

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The effects of maternal Yoga and Self-compassion exercises on behavioral disorders and depression of Disabled Children

Azam Lotfi jebeli; Zohreh Meshkati

Volume 8, Issue 2 , June 2021, , Pages 79-85

Abstract

  Background: The purpose of the present study was tocompare the effects of maternal yoga and self-compassion exercises on behavioral disorders and depression of children with disabilities. ...  Read More Background: The purpose of the present study was tocompare the effects of maternal yoga and self-compassion exercises on behavioral disorders and depression of children with disabilities. Methods: This applied research is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test control group design. The participants of the current research consisted of 40 cases of mothers (with an average age of 29 years) of disabled children aged 6-18, who were selected using convenience sampling method from Welfare Centers in Isfahan city, and were matched into three experimental groups, and one control group based on depression scores. In order to assess the behavioral disorders and depression in children with disabilities, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL, Achenbach) and Children Depression Inventory (CDI, Maria Kovacs) were used, respectively. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance at a significance level of α ≤0.05. Results: The obtained results showed that the pre-test scores of behavioral disorders have a significant relationship with its post-test. When this relationship was controlled, the difference between adjusted means of behavioral disorders scores in the post-test stage in intervention groups was significant. Additionally, no significant relationship was observed between the pre-test and post-test scores of depression, but the difference between adjusted means of depression scores in the post-test stage (after controlling pre-test scores) in intervention group was significant. Conclusion: Practicing yoga and self-compassion exercises by mothers can cause a reduction in behavioral disorders and depression in children with disabilities. These results show that the family of disabled children, welfare organization, exceptional schools and rehabilitation centers can consider paying attention to parental mental health.

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The effect of features of text (word length and frequency) on the Iranian dyslexic students’ eye movements

Masood Sharifi; mohammad kaghazloo; Majid Firouzkouhi Berenjabadi; Mina Bandeh Pour

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2022, , Pages 79-83

Abstract

  Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of frequency and word length on the eye movements in dyslexic students while they were reading Persian textbooks.Methods: The ...  Read More Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of frequency and word length on the eye movements in dyslexic students while they were reading Persian textbooks.Methods: The method applied to this study was quasi-experimental. The statistical population consisted of 56 male and female students in first, second, and third grades, referring to Learning Disorder Centers of Educational Organization in 2 and 10 districts in Tehran. Twenty-five students with dyslexia were selected using the available sampling method (participants included 12 boys and 13 girls who were in second, third, fourth, and fifth grade with 6, 8, 8, and 3 students, respectively). The eye-tracking device, SMI-RED-120Hz, was used for data collection. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) method was applied to analyze the data. Results: There are two significant findings: the effect of words' length on the number of fixation, fixation time, and the number of regression, as well as the effect of words' frequency on the number of fixation, fixation time, and the number of regressions.Conclusion: Frequency and word length on fixation and regression play an important role in the process of reading in dyslexic students.

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Plantar pressure distribution in people with stroke and association with functional mobility

Saeed Forghany; Christopher Nester; Sarah Tyson; Stephen Preece; Richard Jones

Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 80-85

Abstract

  Background: People with stroke often suffer abnormal foot posture including structural and movement deficiencies in the intrinsic foot segments on the affected side, which are associated ...  Read More Background: People with stroke often suffer abnormal foot posture including structural and movement deficiencies in the intrinsic foot segments on the affected side, which are associated with limitation in mobility. As part of a programme of research examining foot and ankle biomechanics after stroke, we investigated plantar pressure distribution under the affected foot of people with stroke and the relationship with functional mobility. Methods: Plantar pressure distribution was investigated while standing and walking on the affected side of twenty stroke and fifteen healthy sex and age-matched participants, using a Medilogic platform system at a frequency of 20 HZ. Functional mobility in real life was measured using the Walking Handicap Scale. Results: While standing, people with stroke bore greater pressure on the affected side through the lateral heel and lesser toes (p<0.01) and less at the medial (MP1) and central forefoot (MP23) areas (p<0.05) than healthy controls. During walking, more pressure was taken through the heel area, especially the medial heel and less through the medial and central forefoot of the affected foot of people with stroke compared to healthy controls. The logistic regression model revealed that stroke participants who took greater pressure on the medial heel while walking (odds ratio=1.11, p<0.05) had more limited functional mobility (i.e. were more likely to be household walkers) than those who did not. While standing, none of the standing plantar pressure variables significantly contributed to the model. Conclusion: The plantar pressure distribution differs significantly between the affected foot of people with stroke and healthy controls.  Abnormal plantar pressure distribution while walking, but not while standing,   is a significant contributor to limited functional mobility post stroke.

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Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers-short Version in Patients with Stroke

Ali Reza Jamali; Afsoon Hassani Mehraban; malek amini

Volume 10, Issue 2 , June 2023, , Pages 81-86

Abstract

  Background: Considering the prevalence of stroke, an economical and reliable questionnaire is needed for use in research and rehabilitation to measure the amount of burden on caregivers ...  Read More Background: Considering the prevalence of stroke, an economical and reliable questionnaire is needed for use in research and rehabilitation to measure the amount of burden on caregivers of stroke patients. True to our knowledge, there is no exclusive Persian language instrument for assessing the burden of stroke caregivers. The current study investigated the validity and reliability of the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers-short version (BSFC-s) for stroke patients’ caregivers.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 51 stroke patients and their caregivers were studied using the above-named questionnaire translated from English into Persian. Construct validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by Spearman and Eta correlation. Cronbach’s Alfa was used to assess internal consistency. Factorial structure was evaluated by exploratory analysis.Results: The test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.93, and the questionnaire’s internal consistency was 0.93. The construct validity of the questionnaire was acceptable.Conclusions: In general, it can be said that this questionnaire has a good structure for assessing the burden of caregivers. In addition, by 10 items we can consider this questionnaire as an economically viable option in research and practice.

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Can muscle relaxation affect balance in patients with tension-type headache? A pre-post study

Zahra Rojhani-Shirazi; Ali Barzegar; Elham Nouraddini; Negar Azhdari; Marzieh Mohamadi

Volume 4, Issue 3 , September 2017, , Pages 84-87

Abstract

  Background: Proprioceptive inputs from the cervical region play an important role in balance. In patients with tension-type headache (TTH), proprioception is altered. The effect of ...  Read More Background: Proprioceptive inputs from the cervical region play an important role in balance. In patients with tension-type headache (TTH), proprioception is altered. The effect of treatment for TTH on balance is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of post-isometric relaxation (PIR) in the neck muscles on pain, disability and balance in patients with TTH.Methods: 30 patients with chronic TTH who had a trigger point and tenderness in the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), suboccipitalor splenius muscles were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent PIR based on Liebenson’s method. Before and after treatment, balancewas evaluated with the Y balance test, time up and go test, functional reach test and single leg stance test. As clinical symptoms of TTH we considered the intensity and frequency of headaches,which were recorded along with neck disability index (NDI)assecondary outcomes. Paired t-tests were used to analyze the data.Results:The results of the Y balance test, time up and go test, functional reach test and single leg stance test changed significantly after treatment (P< 0.001). Significant differences were also found forall secondary variables (P < 0.001).Conclusions:The results of this study showed that the PIR technique for muscle relaxation in the upper trapezius, SCM, suboccipitalor splenius muscles may improve balance along with clinical symptoms such as pain and disabilityin patients with TTH.

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Development of a Computerized Task for measuring Time Perception

Hoora Motie; Mahmood Heidari; Fatemeh bagherian; Fariba Zarani

Volume 5, Issue 3 , September 2018, , Pages 86-92

Abstract

  Background: Time perception is considered as an important subject incognitive psychology, which is essential for our understanding regarding brainmechanisms underlying human cognition ...  Read More Background: Time perception is considered as an important subject incognitive psychology, which is essential for our understanding regarding brainmechanisms underlying human cognition and disabilities. Deficits in timeperception have been found in people with both attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD), dyslexia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. The presentstudy aimed at developing and evaluating the Time Perception Software witha sample including 152 Iranian students.Methods: The computerized time perception task was designed based on timeestimation, reproduction, production and time comparison method. In order toverify the reliability of the task, 30 students which were participated in the testsample repeated the test after one month. The content and construct validitywere used in order to examine the validity of the task. The construct validityof the time perception task was verified by analyzing the confirmatory factoranalysis using the Amos 24 software.Results: In the modified model, the comparison factor was eliminated(CFI=0.965). The highest correlation was observed in the time estimation of11 seconds with a correlation coefficient which was equal to 0.935 (P=0.001),while the lowest correlation coefficient was observed in the time production of17 seconds with the correlation coefficient which was equal to 0.679 (P=0.001).The internal consistency of the task indicated that the time perception taskhad a near-optimal validity and its reliability was at the optimal level with theCronbach’s alpha which was equal to 0.67.Conclusion: In order to conclude, The Time Perception Software appeared tobe reliable and valid for assessing and measuring time perception in the Iranianstudents. This software can be used in future research investigations.

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Effects of Temperature on Wrist Flexor Muscles Endurance

Afsun Nodehi-Moghadam; Leila Rahnama; Maryam Habibi; Najafali Dehghani

Volume 1, Issue 4 , December 2014, , Pages 97-99

Abstract

  Background: It is widely recognized that neuromuscular function is temperature sensitive. Changes in muscle temperature may affect muscle force development. The aim of this study was ...  Read More Background: It is widely recognized that neuromuscular function is temperature sensitive. Changes in muscle temperature may affect muscle force development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on wrist flexor muscles endurance.Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects (mean age  21.13 ±1.30 years) participated in the present study.  The wrist flexor muscles endurance was measured before and after applying ice and hot packs over the forearm for 15 minutes. Paired t tests were used to compare differences between pre and post intervention endurance.Results: The results showed a significant increase in wrist flexor muscles endurance after heating. (P=0.04). We also found that, cooling the forearm muscles leaded to significant decrease of wrist flexor muscles endurance (P=0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that hand function is temperature sensitive. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of cold on muscular function in people working in workplaces with extreme temperature.

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The Study of the Development of Dependent Possessive Pronouns in 2.5-4 Year-Old Typically Normal Persian-Speaking Children

Shoeleh Sharifypour; Talieh Zarifian; Ayoub Sheikhi; Sharifeh Sharifypour

Volume 2, Issue 4 , December 2015, , Pages 97-101

Abstract

  Background: Pronoun error is one of the most common errors in many speech and language disorders. Therefore, knowing about the development procedure of dependent possessive pronouns ...  Read More Background: Pronoun error is one of the most common errors in many speech and language disorders. Therefore, knowing about the development procedure of dependent possessive pronouns (as a subgroup of pronouns), leads to build an accurate profile for evaluation and treatment of many disorders. The goal of the present study was to examine the development of dependent possessive pronouns in 2.5-4 years old Persian-speaking children.Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive-analytic study, 177 typically normal Persian speaking children in age range of 2.5-4 years old (94 girls and 83 boys) who were selected by stratified sampling method from 10 kindergartens of Kerman were examined. There were 3 age groups (2.5-3, 3-3.5 and 3.5-4 years old). The instrument used in this study was a researcher-made task consistent of 18 questions about some parts of body to examine the development of dependent possessive pronouns. For descriptive report central tendencies and indices of dispersion were used and for statistics relations Spearman’s correlation test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Cochran’s test were used.Results: The order of correct use of dependent possessive pronouns was from singular to plural and the order of person was 3rd person, 1st person and then 2nd person. There was a correlation between age and correct use of dependent possessive pronouns (P<0.05). The performance of girls and boys were similar (P>0.05), but children’s performance in 3 age groups were different (P<0.05) and correct use of 6 types of dependent possessive pronouns were significantly different (P<0.05).Conclusion: The correct use of dependent possessive pronouns increased with age, and by the age of 4, the children mastered in more than 90% of dependent possessive pronouns. 

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Relationship between a child’s cognitive skills andthe inclusion of age appropriate toys in the home environment

Somayeh Kavousipor; Fariba Golipour; Mahshid Hekmatnia

Volume 3, Issue 4 , December 2016, , Pages 103-108

Abstract

  Background: With respect to the significance of toys, playing, and the home environment on children’s development, the present study investigates the relationship between gross motor ...  Read More Background: With respect to the significance of toys, playing, and the home environment on children’s development, the present study investigates the relationship between gross motor and fine motor toys existing athome and in the home environment, withchild cognitive skills such as problem-solving, communication, and personal–social skills.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 140 mother–child couples (children between the ages of 18 and42 months of age) randomly selected from the healthcare centers of the city of Shiraz. Employing the questionnaire of the Affordance in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self Report (AHEMD-SR) and the Ages & Stages Questionnaires®, Third Edition (ASQ-3™), both of which have validity and reliability in Iran, the required data were collected,the relationship between children’s cognitive development was evaluated by ASQ, and the toys and the home environment evaluated by AHEMD-SR was calculated by the Pearson correlation coefficient.Results:Studying the relationships revealed that playing with toys related to gross movement stimulation have weak correlations with all three skills of theASQ considered in the present study, i.e.,communication(r= 0.218, p-value=0.001), problem solving(r= 0.168,p-value=0.02), andpersonal­–social skills(r= 0.187, p-value=0.04). Nevertheless, toys related to fine movement stimulation had very low correlations.In addition, the final score of the AHEMD-SR, including toys and other aspects of the home environment, indicate an important relationship with the personal­–social skill item of the ASQ (r= 0.367, p-value=0.02).Conclusion: With regard to the findings of the present study, theinside-home space characteristic and playing with appropriate toys maymotivate the child’s cognitive development. Making parents and healthcare officials aware ofthe appropriate toys and the home environment, therefore, seems to be necessary.

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