Document Type : Original Articles
Authors
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
Background: The purpose of the present study was tocompare the effects of maternal yoga and self-compassion exercises on behavioral disorders and depression of children with disabilities.
Methods: This applied research is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test control group design. The participants of the current research consisted of 40 cases of mothers (with an average age of 29 years) of disabled children aged 6-18, who were selected using convenience sampling method from Welfare Centers in Isfahan city, and were matched into three experimental groups, and one control group based on depression scores. In order to assess the behavioral disorders and depression in children with disabilities, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL, Achenbach) and Children Depression Inventory (CDI, Maria Kovacs) were used, respectively. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance at a significance level of α ≤0.05.
Results: The obtained results showed that the pre-test scores of behavioral disorders have a significant relationship with its post-test. When this relationship was controlled, the difference between adjusted means of behavioral disorders scores in the post-test stage in intervention groups was significant. Additionally, no significant relationship was observed between the pre-test and post-test scores of depression, but the difference between adjusted means of depression scores in the post-test stage (after controlling pre-test scores) in intervention group was significant.
Conclusion: Practicing yoga and self-compassion exercises by mothers can cause a reduction in behavioral disorders and depression in children with disabilities. These results show that the family of disabled children, welfare organization, exceptional schools and rehabilitation centers can consider paying attention to parental mental health.
Keywords
- Whitney DG, Shapiro DN, Peterson MD, Warschausky SA. Factors associated with depression and anxiety in children with intellectual disabilities. J Ment Defic Res. 2019. 63(5):408-17.
- Liu Y, Merritt DH. Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression among Chinese children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Child Youth Serv Re. 2018. 1;88: 316-32.
- Miranda A, Mira A, Berenguer C, Rosello B, Baixauli I. Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism without intellectual disability. Mediation of behavioral problems and coping strategies. Front Psychol. 2019. 8;10: 464
- Bourke-Taylor HM, Joyce KS, Grzegorczyn S, Tirlea L. Mental health and health behaviour changes for mothers of children with a disability: Effectiveness of a health and wellbeing workshop. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021. 16:1-4.
- Baker CE, Brooks‐Gunn J, Gouskova N. Reciprocal relations between maternal depression and child behavior problems in families served by Head Start. Child Dev. 2020. 91(5):1563-76.
- Lo HH, Chan SK, Szeto MP, Chan CY, Choi CW. A Feasibility Study of a Brief Mindfulness-Based Program for Parents of Preschool Children with Developmental Disabilities. Mindfulness (N Y). 2017. 1; 8(6):1665-73.
- Brent D, Weersing VR. Depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (6th ed). New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. 2015. 10:874-92.
- Newsome S, Waldo M, Gruszka C. Mindfulness group work: Preventing stress and increasing self-compassion among helping professionals in training. ASGW. 2012. 1;37(4):297-311.
- Karaca A, Konuk Şener D. Spirituality as a coping method for mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Int J Dev Disabil. 2021. 4;67(2):112-20.
- Fauth RC, Platt L, Parsons S. The development of behavior problems among disabled and non-disabled children in England. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2017. 1;52: 46-58.
- Wickersham A, Leightley D, Archer M, Fear NT. The association between paternal psychopathology and adolescent depression and anxiety: A systematic review. J Adolesc. 2020. 1;79: 232-46.
- Keller, A. Systematic Review of Scientific Evidence Supporting Yoga as an Alternative Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Write State University, Dayton, Ohio. 2017
- West J, Liang B, Spinazzola J. Trauma sensitive yoga as a complementary treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A qualitative descriptive analysis. Int J Stress Manag. 2017. 24(2):173.
- Harrison LJ, Manocha R, Rubia K. Sahaja yoga meditation as a family treatment programme for children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2004. 9(4):479-97.
- Bazzano A, Wolfe C, Zylowska L, Wang S, Schuster E, Barrett C, et al. Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) for parents and caregivers of individuals with developmental disabilities: A community-based approach. J Stud Fam Fam. 2015. 1; 24(2):298-308.
- Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Ident. 2003. 1;2(3):223-50.
- Robinson S, Hastings RP, Weiss JA, Pagavathsing J, Lunsky Y. Self. Compassion and psychological distress in parents of young people and adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. J Appl Res Intellect Dislike. 2018. 31(3):454-8.
- Minaee A. Adaptation and standardization of Child Behavior Checklist, Youth Self-report, and Teacher’s Report Forms. J Except Child (JOEC). 2006. 6 (1):529-558.
- Kovacs M, Gatsonis C, Paulauskas SL, Richrds. Depressive disorders in childhood IV. A longitudinal study of Comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Arch Gen psychiatry. 1999. 46(9): 776-82.
- Rajabi Gh, Atari Y. Factor Analysis of Depression Inventory Questionnaire for children and adolescents. J Couns Dev (JCD) 2004. 3 (9-10): 83 - 102.
- Shams Z, Meshkati Z, Madanian L. Yoga and Self-Compassion Training on Aggressiveness in the Mothers of Children with Physical-Motor Disorders. MEJDS. 2020. 10:110-116.
- Neff KD. The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Hum Dev. 2009. 52(4):211-4.
- Adlparvar. A, Movahedi. A, Rafei Boroujeni. M. Effect of Yoga on Anxiety of Parents and Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders. J Mot Behav. 2017. 9 (27): 139-54. (In Persian).
- Barkly R A. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. 1sted. New York; Guilford; 2014. P. 110-45.
- Agazzi H, Tan SY, Ogg J, Armstrong K, Kirby RS. Does Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Reduce Maternal Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder?. J Child Fam Stud. 2017. 2; 39(4):283-303.
- Lewallen AC, Neece CL. Improved social skills in children with developmental delays after parent participation in MBSR: The role of parent–child relational factors. J Child Fam Stud. 2015. 1; 24(10):3117-29.
- Gilson KM, Davis E, Johnson S, Gains J, Reddihough D, Williams K. Mental health care needs and preferences for mothers of children with a disability. Child Care Health Dev. 2018. 44(3):384-91.
- Capon H, O’Shea M, Evans S, McIver S. Yoga complements cognitive behaviour therapy as an adjunct treatment for anxiety and depression: Qualitative findings from a mixed‐methods study. Psychol Psychother Theor Res Pract. 2021. 8.
- Ridderinkhof A, de Bruin EI, Blom R. Mindfulness-based program for children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents: Direct and long-term improvements. Mindfulness (N Y). 2018. 1; 9(3):773-91.
- Floyd FJ, Olsen DL. Family-peer linkages for children with intellectual disability and children with learning disabilities. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2017. 1; 52:203-11.
- Karaman E, Efilti E. Investigation of Social Support Perception and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Psychological Resilience of Parents Who Have Children with Special Educational Needs. AJ Educ Train Res. 2019 .5(1):112-20.
- Phillips WJ, Hine DW. Self-compassion, physical health, and health behaviour: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev . 2021. 2;15(1):113-39.
- Park CL, Finkelstein‐Fox L, Sacco SJ, Braun TD, Lazar S. How does yoga reduce stress? A clinical trial testing psychological mechanisms. Stress Health. 2021 .37(1):116-26.
)