Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research

Original Articles

The Psychometric Evaluation of the Coping with MS Caregiving Inventory (CMSCI) for Iranian Caregivers

Mohammad Mohebbirad; laleh lajevardi; Seyed Hassan Saneii; Fatemeh Motaharinezhad; Afsoon Hassani Mehraban

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 82-87

Abstract

Background: Coping refers to cognitive and behavioral efforts made to manage stressful situations. Caring for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with increased stress ... Read More Background: Coping refers to cognitive and behavioral efforts made to manage stressful situations. Caring for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with increased stress among caregivers. Recognizing and managing caregivers' coping strategies can facilitate the rehabilitation of people with MS and improve the quality of care. Therefore, this study was conducted to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Coping with MS Caregiving Inventory (CMSCI).Methods: In this methodological study, 170 caregivers of people with MS were investigated. The Persian translation of this scale was conducted using the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) method. The face validity of the CMSCI was assessed through a survey of 10 caregivers, and content validity was evaluated using both qualitative and quantitative methods, including the content validity index and the content validity ratio. To evaluate the reliability of the CMSCI, a test–retest procedure was conducted with 54 caregivers who completed the questionnaire twice at an interval of 10 days. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha.Results: The mean (SD) age of caregiver participants in this study was 42.3 (11.1) years. The mean (SD) age of people with MS under the caregivers’ care was 38.6 (9.2) years. The test–retest reliability coefficient of the CMSCI was calculated as 0.82, indicating acceptable stability. The internal consistency of the CMSCI, assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.75.Conclusion: The Persian version of the CMSCI demonstrated good validity and reliability for assessing coping strategies among caregivers of people with MS. Considering the vital role of caregivers in the treatment team and the impact of effective coping strategies on the quality of care for people with MS, the use of the CMSCI can be beneficial for evaluating and improving the rehabilitation process for both people with MS and their caregivers.

Systematic Reviews

The Relationship between Obesity and Lung Function in Adults: A Systematic Review

Fatemeh Rahimi; Nahid Rahmani; Nahid Pirayeh; Khadijeh Kazemi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 88-97

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate studies assessing the association between obesity and lung function in adult individuals.Methods: This systematic ... Read More

Original Articles

The Prevalence of Language Impairment in 5-Year-Old Persian-Speaking Children after COVID-19

Masoomeh Salmani; Masume Zareei; Marziyeh Maddah; Mozhgan Asadi; Fatemeh Esmaili Moqadam; Sepideh Seyed; Mana Aminian; Reyhaneh Farajianpour

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 98-104

Abstract

Background: Children’s language skills develop based on physical development and experience. During pandemics such as COVID-19, numerous restrictions were imposed on people’s ... Read More

Original Articles

The Impact of Online Group Wheelchair Mobility and Transfer Training on the Performance of People with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Superiority Randomized Controlled Trial

Shahriar Parvaneh; Fatemeh Motaharinezhad; Fatemeh Hoseinpour; Mona Mohajer; Yahya Salimi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 105-112

Abstract

Background: Online training for the rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injuries (SCI) is essential. Various environmental barriers can make it challenging for individuals to ... Read More

Review Article

A Systematic Review Protocol of Screening Instruments for Children and Adolescents with Specific Learning Disorder

Farin Soleimani; Zahra nobakht; Fatemeh Hasanati; Mohammad Saatchi; Fatemeh Ghasemi Fard; Zahra ghorbanpour; Mersede Imani-Shakibayi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 113-116

Abstract

Background: Specific learning disorder is an increasingly prevalent problem worldwide. It is directly associated with decreased self-confidence and higher dropout rates among affected ... Read More

Original Articles

The Relationship Between Body Type and Digital Device Use on Spinal Alignment in Female Middle School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Mohammad seyedahmadi; Karim Khalaghi; Fatemeh Jeddi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 117-123

Abstract

Background: Increased digital device use and reduced physical activity among students during the COVID-19 pandemic have been associated with a rise in postural problems. This study ... Read More Background: Increased digital device use and reduced physical activity among students during the COVID-19 pandemic have been associated with a rise in postural problems. This study investigated the relationship between body types—ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph—and the duration of digital device use in relation to changes in spinal angle in female middle school students during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was conducted. The study population consisted of female students aged 13 to 15 from first secondary-level schools in Chenaran City during the academic year from October 7, 2021, to December 1, 2021. From a total of 10 first-grade girls’ high schools (approximately 1,000 students), four schools were randomly selected. Of these, 150 students were randomly selected and assessed using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research tools included an informed consent form, anthropometric measurement instruments, the Smartphone Addiction Scale–Short Version (SAS-SV), a goniometer, a flexible ruler (IDIO brand), and a craniovertebral angle measurement tool. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient in SPSS version 22.Results: No significant relationship was found between body type and kyphosis angle (p = 0.651, r = 0.038), lordosis angle (p = 0.083, r = 0.147), or forward head angle (p = 0.785, r = 0.023). However, a significant correlation was observed between the duration of digital device use and both kyphosis angle and forward head angle, but not with the lordosis angle.Conclusion: Prolonged digital device use significantly influences spinal alignment, particularly increasing kyphosis and forward head angles. Although body type did not show a significant effect, factors such as physical activity and age should be considered when addressing posture-related issues. This study highlights the importance of educating students on proper posture and limiting screen time to prevent potential spinal health problems.

Original Articles

A Comparison of Executive Function in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder with Typically Developing Peers: A Comparative Study

Fatemeh Sharafian; Gholam Hossain Nazemzadegan

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 124-129

Abstract

Background: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that impairs motor skills and can negatively affect attention and executive function. Additionally, ... Read More

Original Articles

Effects of Developmental, Individual-Differences, Relationship-Based (DIR) / Floortime™ on Social Skills and Social Adjustment of Children with Mild Autism Spectrum Disorder

Solmaz Mohammadi; Benyamin Hamid; Leila Ganji; Malek Amini; Marzieh Pashmdarfard

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 130-136

Abstract

Background: This study investigates the effects of DIR/Floortime™ on the social skills and social adjustment of children with mild autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim is to ... Read More

Original Articles

Comparison of Strength, Muscle Length, and Shoulder Position Sense Between Dominant and Non-Dominant Sides in Individuals With and Without Uneven Shoulders

Bayan Feizi; Ali Asghar Norasteh; Seyed Hosein Hoseini

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 137-144

Abstract

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate differences in shoulder strength, muscle length, and proprioception between the dominant and non-dominant limbs of individuals with and ... Read More

Original Articles

Impact of a Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance (PEP) Training Program on Dynamic Balance and Center of Pressure in Soccer Players With and Without Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

moosareza ghorbani; hasan daneshmandi; Ali Shamsi Majelan; Mehdi Majlesi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 145-152

Abstract

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in soccer and can substantially impair postural stability and athletic performance. The Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance ... Read More Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in soccer and can substantially impair postural stability and athletic performance. The Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance (PEP) program has been developed to reduce the risk of ACL injury. This study aimed to examine the effects of an 8-week PEP training program on time to stability (TTS) and center of pressure (COP) parameters in soccer players with and without ACL reconstruction (ACLR).Methods: This semi-experimental study employed a pre-test–post-test design. Twenty-one male soccer players (mean age: 25.43 years) at an average of 15.12 months post-ACLR and 21 healthy male soccer players (mean age: 22.79 years) participated. Participants performed a jump-landing task, and COP variables and TTS were measured before and after the 8-week PEP training program. Within-group comparisons were conducted using paired t-tests, while between-group differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.Results: Within-group analyses demonstrated significant reductions in mediolateral (M-L) COP fluctuations (p = 0.018) and M-L TTS (p = 0.001) in the healthy group. In the ACLR group, significant improvements were observed in M-L COP fluctuations (p = 0.001), M-L COP variability (p = 0.034), total TTS (p = 0.015), and M-L TTS (p = 0.001) following the intervention. Pre-test between-group comparisons revealed significantly greater M-L COP fluctuations (p = 0.001), M-L COP variability (p = 0.044), and total TTS (p = 0.021) in the ACLR group. However, no significant between-group differences were observed post-intervention (p > 0.05), suggesting that the PEP program effectively reduced postural control deficits in the ACLR group to levels comparable with healthy players.Conclusion: The 8-week PEP training program produced significant improvements in postural control in both healthy and ACLR soccer players. These findings support the potential effectiveness of structured neuromuscular training programs in reducing postural instability and possibly lowering the risk of ACL injury or re-injury.

The Interaction of Knee, Hip and L5-S1 Joint Contact Forces and spatiotemporal variables between Sound and Prosthetic Leg in Patients with Unilateral below-knee Amputation during Walking

Volume 4, Issue 2 , June 2017, , Pages 53-59

Abstract

Background: there is little knowledge explaining how forces applied on knee, hip and L5-S1 joint between the sound and prosthetic leg in unilateral Below-Knee Amputation (BKA), so the ... Read More

More realistic dynamical modeling of a humanoid robotic arm to reduce control effort with uncertainty using self-impact joint constrained

Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 68-79

Abstract

Background:The main challenge of modeling humanoid robots is establishing a compromise between the simplicity of the model and accuracy of the system. One of the realities of movement ... Read More

The Comparison of Neurodevelopmental- Bobath Approach with Occupational Therapy Home Program on Gross Motor Function of Children with Cerebral Palsy

Volume 1, Issue 1 , March 2014, , Pages 21-24

Abstract

Background & objectives: Traditional Bobath approach (TBA) is one of the several methods using in treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) who referred to occupational therapy ... Read More

Comparison of the Effects of Massage and Cryotherapy on the Knee Extensor Muscles Fatigue and Isokinetic Parameters in Soccer Players

Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2015, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

Background:Fatigue can cause a significant effect on the mechanics of complex motor skills and reduce physical and mental efficiency. One of the common ways to reduce fatigue is passive ... Read More Background:Fatigue can cause a significant effect on the mechanics of complex motor skills and reduce physical and mental efficiency. One of the common ways to reduce fatigue is passive recovering or using massage and cryotherapy after exercise. The present study aimed to compare the effects of massage and cryotherapy on muscles fatigue and isokinetic parameters.Methods:This study was conducted on54 healthy athletes aged 20-30 years who were randomly divided into three groups: cooling (ice therapy), massage, and control (resting). Each of the volunteers was evaluated in two sessions. The first session was to familiarize the participants with isokinetic contraction. The second session started with a brief warm up subsequently, using Biodex Isokinetic System Average Peak Torque (APTQ), Average Power (AP), and Total Work (TW) were measured. Then, the fatigue protocol was applied. Afterwards, interventions were performed for 15 minutes. After the intervention, isokinetic parameters were evaluated again. Also, perceived fatigue and Fatigue Index (FI) were recorded before and after the intervention.Results:APTQ, AP, and TW significantlyincreased in massage and cryotherapy groupsafter the intervention, while perceived fatigue and FI decreased significantly in both conditions (P<0.05). In the control group, however, no significant differences were observed in APTQ, AP, and TW before and after the intervention (P>0.05), but perceived fatigue and FI decreased significantly (P<0.05). Moreover, isokinetic variables (APTQ, AP, and TW) were higher in the massage group compared to cryotherapy and control groups (P<0.05), but such a difference was not observed between the massage and cryotherapy groups (P>0.05).Conclusion: Massage and cryotherapy could increase isokinetic parameters and decrease FI and perceived fatigue. Therefore, massage and cryotherapy have been more effective than rest as a strategy to return to normal state and no significant difference was observed between these two groups.

Effect of Kinesiotaping and Stretching Exercise on Forward Shoulder Angle in Females with Rounded Shoulder Posture

Volume 1, Issue 4 , December 2014, , Pages 78-83

Abstract

Background: Rounded shoulder posture is a common abnormal posture in upper quarter. Kinesiotape is a new intervention that recently used in rehabilitation. There are no studies have ... Read More