Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

News

The Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence and Resilience in Rehabilitation Students

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

1 Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.

2 Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

3 Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

4 Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

10.30476/jrsr.2025.107725.1599

Abstract

Background: Providing services and support to individuals with disabilities requires a high level of adaptability and resilience. Spiritual intelligence is considered an important dimension of human health that may contribute to greater adaptation and improved quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and resilience among students at the School of Rehabilitation of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (including physiotherapy, audiology, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and orthotics and prosthetics) during the 2024–2025 academic year. The participants had a mean age of 21.35 ± 1.90 years. A convenience sampling method was used, and 200 students completed the spiritual intelligence and resilience questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24.
Results: No statistically significant differences in spiritual intelligence or resilience were found among students by gender, age, field of study, marital status, parents’ occupation, or parents’ educational level. However, a significant positive relationship was found between spiritual intelligence and resilience among rehabilitation students (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Higher levels of spiritual intelligence are associated with greater resilience among rehabilitation students. Therefore, incorporating spiritual intelligence-related concepts into rehabilitation students’ educational curricula may help enhance their resilience.

Keywords

References
  1. Khasnabis C, Heinicke Motsch K, Achu K, Al Jubah K, Brodtkorb S, Chervin P, et al., editors. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
  2. World Health Organization. Disability and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health.
  3. World Health Organization WHO global disability action plan 2014-2021: Better health for all people with disability. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
  4. Cieza A, Causey K, Kamenov K, Hanson SW, Chatterji S, Vos T. Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10267):2006-17.
  5. Farahbod M, Masoudi Asl I, Tabibi SJ, Kamali M. Comparing the rehabilitation structures in the health systems of Iran, Germany, Japan, Canada, Turkey, and South Africa. Arch Rehabil. 2023;24(1):96-113.
  6. Ebrahimi Barmi B, Hosseini M, Abdi K, Bakhshi E. The relationship of spiritual intelligence and rehabilitation staff’s perceived stress in welfare organizations centers in Tehran and shemiranat: 2017. Arch Rehabil. 2018;19(3):228-37.
  7. Masten AS. Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001;56(3):227-38.
  8. Garmezy N. In: Stevenson J, editor. Recent research in developmental psychopathology. 4: Pergamon Press; 1985. p. 213-33.
  9. Tedeschi RG, Park CL, Calhoun LG. Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis: Routledge; 1998.
  10. Bonanno GA. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2008;1(S):101-13.
  11. Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of clinical psychology. 2002;58(3):307-21.
  12. Kaviani Z, Hamid N, Enayati M. The Effect of Religious-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Resiliency in Couples. Knowledge Res Appl Psychol. 2017;15(57):26-35.
  13. Oshio A, Taku K, Hirano M, Saeed G. Resilience and Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and individual differences. 2018;127:54-60.
  14. Jeamjitvibool T, Duangchan C, Mousa A, Mahikul W. The association between resilience and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(22):14854.
  15. Ozawa C, Suzuki T, Mizuno Y, Tarumi R, Yoshida K, Fujii K, et al. Resilience and spirituality in patients with depression and their family members: A cross-sectional study. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2017;77:53-9.
  16. Abbasi M, Janbozorgi M. Relationship of dimensions of religious orientation with emotional stability. Ravanshenasi Va Din. 2010;3(3):5-18.
  17. Altan MZ. Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century, by Howard Gardner. TESOL Quarterly. 2001;35(1):204-5.
  18. Ayranci E. Effects of top Turkish managers’ emotional and spiritual intelligences on their organizations’ financial performance. Business Intelligence Journal. 2011;4(1):9-36.
  19. Badie A, Savari E, Bagheri Dashtbozorg N, Latifiazadegan V. Development and Reliability and validity of the spiritual intelligence scale. Conference of National Psychology of Payam Nour University, Tabriz. 2010
  20. Kaur D, Sambasivan M, Kumar N. Impact of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence on the caring behavior of nurses: a dimension-level exploratory study among public hospitals in Malaysia. Applied Nursing Research. 2015;28(4):293-8.
  21. Shabani J, Hassan SA, Ahmad A, Baba M. Age as moderated influence on the link of spiritual and emotional intelligence with mental health in high school students. Journal of American Science. 2010;6(11):394-400.
  22. Livingstone HA, Day AL. Comparing the construct and criterion-related validity of ability-based and mixed-model measures of emotional intelligence. Educational and Psychological measurement. 2005;65(5):757-79.
  23. Lopes PN, Brackett MA, Nezlek JB, Schütz A, Sellin I, Salovey P. Emotional intelligence and social interaction. Personality and social psychology bulletin. 2004;30(8):1018-34.
  24. Khodabakhshi Koolaee A, Heidari S, Khoshkonesh A, Heidari M. Relationship between spiritual intelligence and resilience to stress in preference of delivery method in pregnant women. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2013;16(58):8-15.
  25. Semyari H, Heravi karimooi M, Nasiri M, Arabi F. The relationship of Dentistry students’ spiritual intelligence to general health. Journal of Nursing Education. 2015;3(1):47-58.
  26. Soni S, Pareek V. Nurturing Spirituality, and Spiritual Intelligence: A Vital Aspect for Healthcare Professionals in the Current Scenario. Adhyayan: A Journal of Management Sciences. 2024;14(01):76-83.
  27. Bagheri I, Salmani N, Mandegari Z, Fallah B, Pakcheshm B. The Study of Spiritual Intelligence, Professional Ethics Compliance, and their Relationship among the Employed Nurses in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran. Education and Ethics In Nursing. 2019;8(1-2):29-37.
  28. Sharifnia AM, Fernandez R, Green H, Alananzeh I. Spiritual intelligence and professional nursing practice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances. 2022;4:100096.
  29. Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
  30. Samani S, Jokar B, Sahragard N. Effects of Resilience on Mental Health and Life Satisfaction. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2007;13(3):290-5.
  31. Akbari A, Hashemi S, Khabbazi Kenari M. The psychometric characteristics of wisdom scale (WS). Positive Psychology Research. 2016;2(2):19-34.
  32. Welsh EA, Brodsky AE. After every darkness is light: Resilient Afghan women coping with violence and immigration. Asian American journal of psychology. 2010;1(3):163-74.
  33. Garavand H. The Mediating Role of Psychological Hardiness in the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Resilience in Students. Quarterly Scientific Research Journal of Islamic Studies in the Field of Health. 2022;6(2):15-28.
  34. Livneh H, Martz E, Bodner T. Psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability: A preliminary study of its factorial structure. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2006;13:250-60.
  35. El Nawawi NM, Balboni MJ, Balboni TA. Palliative care and spiritual care: the crucial role of spiritual care in the care of patients with advanced illness. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care. 2012;6(2):269-74.
  36. Navari S, Yekan M, Hosseini MS, Shapari B, Khavat-Hesar N. The Effectiveness of Spiritual Intelligence Training on Resilience and Psychological Well-Being of Adolescents with High-Risk Behaviors. International Journal of Body, Mind & Culture (2345-5802). 2024;11(1):45-55.
  37. Mehrgan B, Asadi Majareh S, Moghtader L. The path analysis of the relationship between religious coping (positive and negative) with Dimensions of mental health in students during the quarantine of the Corona virus epidemic. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ). 2022;11(1):163-74.
  38. Spjut A. Effects of spirituality on job satisfaction for clinical laboratory science professionals [Doctoral dissertation]. Phoenix, AZ: University of Phoenix; 2004.
  39. Noorisamarin S, Noori A. The relationship between quality of life'dimensions with spiritual intelligence and it'dimensions in female nurses working in Ahvaz'hospitals. Journal of Woman in Culture and Arts. 2017;9(4):529-40.
  40. Asadzadeh N, Mohajeran B, Ghaleei A, Divband A, Javadi P. The relationship between Spiritual intelligence and its Components with Job Performance: A case of Teachers of Aslanduz city. Journal of School Psychology. 2019;8(2):7-21.
  41. Ghaleei A, Mohajeran B. The relationship among spiritual intelligence, mental health and job stress in nurses in imam khomeini hospital of mahabad. Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care. 2015;23(4):14-21.
  42. Abdollahzadeh H, Baqherpour M, Bozhmehrani S, Lotfi M. Spiritual Intelligence: Concepts, Measurements and its Applications. Tehran: Ravansanji Publications. 2009
  43. Üzen Cura Ş, Özsaban A, Yılmaz Coşkun E, Yıldız Karadeniz E, Uslu E, Aşkan F. Spirituality, Spiritual Care Perceptions and Moral Sensitivity of Senior Nursing Students: A Multicenter and Cross-Sectional Study. Genel Tıp Dergisi. 2022;32(4):390-6.
  44. Khan S, Shah SN, Ullah A. A correlational study of spiritual intelligence, resilience and perceived stress among university students of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. CARC Research in Social Sciences. 2023;2(3):76-85.
  45. O’Sullivan L, Lindsay N. The relationship between spiritual intelligence, resilience, and well-being in an Aotearoa New Zealand sample. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health. 2023;25(4):277-97.
  46. Mikaeili N, Hatami Nejad M. Investigating the relationship between spiritual intelligence and psychological resilience and happiness in Lorestan University students. New researches in Islamic humanities studies. 2024;2(4):117-27.
  47. Arnout BA. A structural equation model relating unemployment stress, spiritual intelligence, and mental health components: Mediators of coping mechanism. Journal of Public Affairs. 2020;20(2):e2025.
  48. Hosseini M, Elias H, Krauss SE, Aishah S. A review study on spiritual intelligence, adolescence and spiritual intelligence, factors that may contribute to individual differences in spiritual intelligence and the related theories. Journal of social sciences. 2010;6(3):429-38.
  49. Vaughan F. What is spiritual intelligence? Journal of humanistic psychology. 2002;42(2):16-33.
Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research
Volume 13, Issue 3
September 2026
Pages 235-341
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics