Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research

Abstract Theory of Mind (ToM) is an essential component of communication
with the others and social understanding. Cognitive structures, such as language,
working memory, and executive functions play a special role in understanding
the others҆ minds. Thus, given importance of the role of language skills in
development of ToM and the previous research findings regarding the restricted
capacity of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in development of their ability to
understand others’ thoughts and feelings, this review study was designed to
mainly evaluate the influence of language on ToM in children with CP.
Methods: For this purpose, initially, electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus,
PsycINFo, MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science) were searched from
September 1 to 30 , during 2000-2020. Search was done focusing on the Englishwritten
papers using a combination of keywords including: “Cerebral Palsy,
Theory of Mind, Mentalization, and Language” to identify relevant studies from
2000 to 2020.
Results: A total of 978 publications were identified according to the initial search
criteria. After reviewing abstracts, titles, and references of the identified papers,
10 potentially relevant papers were selected. Based on assessing their full-text, 7
papers completely met the inclusion criteria.
Conclusion: Given that children with CP have not been addressed by numerous
investigations to date, there is limited information about their ToM skills and
the role of other different components of ToM development. Therefore, further
research should be carried out to investigate this issue. The combined findings
of the reviewed papers showed that language skills had an effect on capacity to
elaborate ToM competence in children with CP. This review study paves the path
to the future common research on children with CP and underlines importance
of using a methodology, in which ToM performance is studied in concert with a
detailed investigation of speech and motor impairments.
2021© The Authors. Published by JRSR. All rights reserved.

Abstract Background: Chronic non-specific low back pain (LBP) is one of the most
controversial issues of experts. Positive Ober`s test was considered a contributing
factor to LBP. Common intervention to address such problems was surgery or
iliotibial band stretching. Recently, it was suggested that pelvic malalignment
is the contributing factor to Positive Ober`s test. Pelvic repositioning exercises
was argued as a solution for the treatment of chronic LBP followed by pelvic
malalignment.
Methods: In this single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 18 patients
participated and were assigned into the control and treatment groups using the
block randomization method. One side Positive Ober`s test as an indicator of
pelvic malalignment was used as an inclusion criterion to employ the patients
who have pelvic malalignment and asymmetry. Patients were asked to complete
the Oswestry disability questionnaire to assess their disability. Hip internal and
external rotation and shoulder internal and external rotation ROM measured by
a standard goniometer. An inclinometer measures hip adduction and abduction
ROM. Outcome measures were reassessed after 12 days. Data were analyzed
using the ANCOVA test to compare among groups.
Results: Patients in treatment group showed significant improvement of pain
(P=0.01), ipsilateral hip adduction (P=0.00) and internal rotation (P=0.02)
ROM and contralateral hip abduction (P=0.00) and shoulder internal rotation
(P=0.00) ROM and Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) (P=0.001)
compared with control group. There was no difference among groups for
disability (P=0.34) and contralateral hip external rotation (P=0.06) and also
there was no difference for contralateral shoulder external rotation (P=0.85) and
ipsilateral shoulder internal (P=0.13) and external rotation (P=0.58).
Conclusion: Pelvic repositioning exercises are an effective treatment to reduce
chronic LBP via improving pelvic alignment. These exercises improve GIRD and
increase shoulder internal rotation ROM, contralateral to positive Ober`s test.
2021© The Authors. Published by JRSR. All rights reserved.

Abstract Background: Standing on an unstable platform needs more effort from neuromusculoskeletal
system. This study was about to highlight the joint regulations
in keeping balance, while standing on an unstable platform using spectral
analysis.
Methods: Thirteen healthy young males were participated in this cross-sectional
study to stand on an unstable platform with two levels of support stiffness, two
visual, and three cognitive dual-task conditions. Motion analysis was utilized
to measure postural regulations at the lower extremity joints. Power spectral
analysis was applied on the joint rotations to discriminate the joint behaviors in
different standing conditions.
Results: Results showed that the body used higher levels of postural adjustment
by more joint regulations as the standing conditions became more difficult.
Support stiffness of the platform and vision were effective in keeping balance
(p <0.05), while the dual cognitive tasks had no significant effect (P>0.05). In
simpler standing conditions, the ankle-hip strategy was responsible for body
stabilization in lower frequencies. However, increasing the standing difficulty
by eliminating the vision or use of looser support of the platform was led to the
predominance of ankle strategy.
Conclusion: Standing in different conditions prevailingly relied on the ankle
strategy. The enhancement of postural difficulty may revert to dominantly use
the ankle strategy.

Abstract Background: Normal aging is associated with many changes in speech-producing elements that can influence the articulators' ability to produce sounds quickly and precisely. To diagnose any motor problems in the oral area, it is necessary to obtain numerical oral motor performance rates in normal individuals. According to previous studies, quantitative measures of Oral diadochokinesis (DDK) vary across different cultures, languages, and ages. However, little research has been conducted in Persian native speakers to evaluate normal DDK in different age groups. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and compare DDK indicators in healthy young and older Persian native speakers.
Methods: The participants were 105 healthy young and older individuals (56 women and 49 men) with the age range18-40, 60-80, and >80 years. Each subject was asked to repetitively express the syllables 15 times, and the sequence /pataka/ 10 times. Mann–Whitney and independent-sample t-tests were applied to show the differences, respectively between and within age groups.
Results: The significant difference was revealed between young and older groups in performance in all tasks (p=0.00). In younger participants, increasing age correlated significantly with increasing time needed to produce /ta/ (p=0.04) and /ka/ (p=0.01) syllables. Also, the rate variation decreased as the point of articulation moved backward in the vocal tract for /ta/ and /ka/ production in both the older (p=0.6) and younger group (p=0.4).
Conclusion: The results of this study can also help clinicians to document differences in the articulation rate between older and younger people and diagnose abnormal oral motor rates.

Abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate some child- and environmentdependent
factors in a retrospective method to find a prediction model for the
spoken language development of children with hearing loss (HL) after cochlear
implantation (CI).
Methods: The research reported here was conducted as a cross-sectional pilot
study. The sample size was 18 Persian 5-to-7-year-old children with HL using
CI (6 girls and 12 boys) who were recruited via consecutive sampling methods
from Soroush Rehabilitation Center in Shiraz, Iran. The studied independent
variables were categorized into child-related variables and parental variables.
At the first step, the participants were divided into two groups, good language
ability, and poor language ability, based on the results of Sentence Repetition
Test (SRT). The correlation between the independent variables and SRT scores of
the groups were compared in two stages.
Results: Regarding the development of spoken language in two groups of
Persian-speaking preschool children using the cochlear implants with good and
poor language development, IQ, duration of watching TV, duration of playing
with the father, education status of the mother, education status of father,
and economic status of the family had a significant correlation with language
development of these children.
Conclusion: According to this study’s findings, the child’s IQ, the duration of
watching TV during the day, the duration of playing with the father during the
day, the level of education of the mother, the level of education of the father, and
the economic level of the family may be considered the predictive factors in the
language development of cochlear implant children during the preschool years.

Abstract Background: Approach on the diving springboard provides the initial conditions
for the disturbance in the stability of the base of support. The present study is a
correlational study conducted to obtain complete and accurate information by
examining “the relationship between diving score and dynamic malalignment
of Hip, Knee, and Ankle on a 1 m springboard by elite male divers.”
Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, the subjects of this study were the
12 top divers of the Iranian League Championship in summer 2016. The passive
or reflective markers were attached to the posterior surface of subjects’ bodies.
The subjects performed Forward Diving Straight (FDS) technique in one of two
ways, either the “Hurdle Pre-Flight” or “Hurdle Flight”, and the head coach
gave them scores. The x and y coordinates of each marker were estimated using
KINOVEA software. The relationship among the performance score of “FDS”
and dynamic malalignment of Ankle, Knee, and Hip joints in the frontal plane
at each step was determined using “Generalized Estimating Equation” (GEE)
with the “Identity Function” and the “Normal Distribution”.
Results: The Results of GEE modeling showed that there was a significant inverse
relationship between FDS score and “L. The mean ankle inversion in the (Hurdle
pre-Flight) HPF approach was higher than Traditional (TRD). There was a
significant inverse relationship between the FDS score and “L. Hip Add.” The
results of GEE modeling showed that there was a significant difference between
mean scores of TRD-FDS (4.39±0.33) and HPF-FDS (5.67±0.33) approach
(P=0.000)
Conclusion: There was a significant inverse relationship between FDS score and
“Ankle Eversion/ Eversion, Knee and Hip Abduction/ Adduction” in Swing or
Stance Leg.

Abstract Background: Occupational therapy outcomes for motor improvement are
different among the children with cerebral palsy to determine the effective
factors related to gross motor achievement in the children with Cerebral palsy
(CP), the present project was designed.
Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 59 CP patients with Gross Motor
Function Classification System (GMFCS) 1-4 were evaluated by Gross Motor
Function Measure (GMFM). They were referred to four centers in Shiraz, Iran,
in 2015. Results of therapy were monitoring five times during six months for
each participant, according to achievement to stages of GMFM, and marginal
modeling method was utilized.
Results: The results revealed the significance of some factors including, age at
starting occupational therapy services, number of sessions per week, type of
spastic, level four of socio economic status (SES), grade two of GMFCS, and time
effect on the outcome (upgrade to a higher level on each occasion) (p <0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the odds ratio (OR) values, the number of occupational
therapy sessions per week had the most positive effect on gross motor function
upgrade for at least two half times. Age at starting occupational therapy service
was the second important factor in the outcome. However, spending more time
for therapy and early starting relates to family characteristics and also financial
support.

Abstract Background: This study investigated the effects of the aerobic exercise with
music on anxiety, depression, motor proficiency, and cognitive ability of boys
with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. Participant’s comprised a
convenience sample of 36 boys with ADHD. The experimental group (N=18)
practiced in non-linear pedagogy (M years=11.32, SD=1.00), whereas the control
group (N=18) performed (M years=11.26, SD=0.92) usual school activities in the
traditional method.
Results: After participating in the 8-week aerobic training program, motor
proficiency, anxiety, depression, working memory, perceptual reasoning, and
processing speed were improved in the experimental group compared to the
control group (p <0.001).
Conclusion: Based on these findings, among the ADHD children, incorporating
music into sports can affect children’s anxiety, depression, motor proficiency,
and cognitive ability. Increasing participation by incorporating music into sports
such as aerobics, can affect children’s anxiety, depression, motor proficiency, and
cognitive ability.