Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research

Abstract Background: The rapid and unprecedented outbreak of the Coronavirus (COVID-19), which spread rapidly around the world in late 2019, prompted the World Health Organization to declare a public health emergency, which soon became an international public health concern. The concerns are especially more serious in people with certain diseases, such as diabetes. The need to quarantine and the preservation of social distances lead to further inactivity and, thus, more health consequences. It is necessary to maintain physical activity and regular exercise which, in addition to reducing the consequences of inactivity, can lead to better control of blood glucose in children with type 1 diabetes. This review article investigated the need for regular physical activity in children with type 1 diabetes who were quarantined during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Method: For this purpose, the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant articles published up to September 2021, and articles identified based on the search keywords were reviewed.
Results: Online exercise programs may be helpful in counteracting the sedentary lifestyle associated with the pandemic. A short exercise session, which can be repeated frequently throughout the day, may represent an optimal intervention strategy to maintain the health and well-being of young people with type 1 diabetes
 Conclusion: Exercise in a safe home environment and under the supervision and encouragement of parents while monitoring and controlling blood glucose has several physical and psychological benefits that should be considered during quarantine and the outbreak of COVID-19.

Abstract Background: COVID-19 seems to have a major impact on physical activity behaviors, especially for people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) who have health
conditions. Methods: This study was a narrative review. Six databases, namely PubMed, ISI
Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ProQuest, were
search for relevant published studies.
Results: Healthcare providers and organizations advise people to stay at home,but this does not mean that they should be inactive. Self-isolation has an adverse
effect on behavior activities and mental health in people with MS. Physical activity can act as medicine for people with MS, as it helps reduce stress, anxiety,
and fatigue while improving balance, muscle strength, flexibility, and quality of life.
Conclusion: People with MS are recommended to perform activities such as whole-body chair exercises with moderate intensity at least 150 minutes per
week according to the level of the individual’s ability.

Abstract Background: The hearing system can detect the location of the sound source and help us pay attention to it. In the presence of the background noise, it helps detecting the desired signal (especially speech) and comprehend it. This ability is called spatial hearing processing. Spatial hearing processing disorder can adversely affect signal detection in noise, which is very important in the elderly. The aim of the present paper was reviewing the spatial hearing processing disorder and its ‘rehabilitation methods in Iran for the elderly.
Method: In this narrative paper, theoretically, all papers on spatial hearing processing disorder and its’ rehabilitation methods among the elderly in Iran from 2000 to February 2021 were collected. The papers with the following keywords in Medline, Google scholar, Proquest, science direct, Scopus, and Magiran were studied after discarding duplicated papers: spatial stream, binaural advantage, spatial release of masking, spatial hearing segregation, rehabilitation, aging, elderly, speech in noise, localization, training, and Iran .
Results: Aging adversely affects the spatial hearing processing and especially in complex environments, so rehabilitation of spatial hearing disorders can potentially improve comprehending speech in noise for the elderly.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there is absolutely necessary to develop different rehabilitation programs for different elderly groups base on their needs.

Abstract Background: The current study investigated lexical effects on the recognition
of spoken words in Persian-speaking children with hearing impairment using
Persian lexical neighborhood tests (PLNTs).
Methods: The research was administered as a cross-sectional study. PLNTs
were performed on thirty-three pediatric hearing aid (HAs) or cochlear implant
(CIs) users by sound field under spectrally degraded conditions. Thirteen 7-to-
13-year-old (8 boys and 5 girls) participants completed the experiments, which
were administered in a 3 × 4-m acoustic room using a sound field. The order of
the tests in each session was from the lowest to the highest signal-to-noise ratios
(SNRs), ranging from − 2 to 4 dB. The experiments were repeated by the same
examiners under the same conditions two months later with nine of the thirteen
participants.
Results: Pediatric users of HAs or CIs could not optimally recognize spoken
words in noise, specifically when they had to recognize words through an
auditory-only modality. There was a significant difference in the participants’
SWR performance on the PMLNT-easy versus the PMLNT-hard and the PDLNTeasy
versus the PDLNT-hard based on independent samples T test (p <0.001).
There was a significant difference in the participants’ SWR performance on the
PMLNT-easy versus the PDLNT-easy and the PMLNT-hard versus the PDLNThard
based on the independent samples T test as well (p <0.001). Accordingly,
word lexical difficulty (easy/hard words) and word length (monosyllabic/
disyllabic words) were the most fundamental factors having significant effects
on the recognition of spoken words in children with HAs or CIs in the test/
retest phases.
Conclusion: The PLNTs, as a valid assessment toolkit, can be reliably used to
measure SWR performance under spectrally degraded conditions in Persianspeaking
children with hearing impairment using HAs or CIs.

Abstract Background: This study aims at investigation of the effectiveness of selfcompassion
training on parenting stress of mothers with visually impaired
children.
Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest intervention
and a control group. The statistical population of the study included mothers
with visually impaired children in Isfahan. Thirty mothers between eighteen
and forty years old were selected using purposefully and convenient sampling.
Subjects were matched in two groups of 15 intervention and control members
based on the pre-test score of parenting stress. The intervention group received
self-compassion training intervention for eight weeks and the control group did
not receive training during this period and was placed on a waiting list. The
questionnaire used in this study was the parenting stress index. The findings
were analyzed using analysis of covariance by SPSS-23 software.
Results: The results showed that self-compassion training significantly reduced
parenting stress in the experimental group compared to the control group
(P=0.002). Also, in terms of parenting stress in childhood, the mean scores in
the experimental group decreased significantly after intervention compared to
the control group (P=0.018). In terms of parenting stress among parents, the
mean scores in the experimental group decreased significantly after intervention
compared to the scores in the control group (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: Since parenting is associated with stress and parents of visually
impaired children suffer more stress, self-compassion training can play an
important role in reducing their parenting stress.

Abstract Background: Although discourse properties of aphasic patients have been
investigated utilizing microlinguistic as well as macrolinguistic approaches, there
have been only a few studies in the Persian setting which have tried to investigate
discourse properties of these brain-damaged patients. Previous researchers have
concentrated mainly on the two most notorious types of aphasia, namely Broca
and Wernicke. Thus, the coherence properties of transcortical motor patients
have never been given serious consideration by scientists. The current study
aimed to investigate whether and how transcortical aphasia patients differ from
their healthy counterparts in the cohesive properties of their discourse with the
aim of presenting an exhaustive account of the issue and filling the gap existing
in the literature.
Methods: In doing so, via mixed-methods approach, cohesive devices in the
discourse of six transcortical motor aphasics (3 participants of each gender,
mean age, 56.9 years) and 6 healthy non-aphasic controls (3 participants of each
gender, mean age=57.4 years) were compared.
Results: The results corroborate our hypotheses that the discourse of
transcortical aphasics is less cohesive than that of healthy individuals, and they
have lots of challenges in constructing grammatically cohesive devices.
Conclusion: The findings further demonstrate that discourse could be differently
disrupted in diverse forms of aphasia. It is recommended that more research be
conducted on different languages so as to shed more light on the issue, enriching
our understanding of the nature of this disease.

Abstract Background: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease and a
leading cause of disability in old age. The present study aims to analyze the
stability of standing with and without perturbation in patients with moderate
knee osteoarthritis.
Methods: Twenty-eight people (14 men with knee osteoarthritis and 14 healthy
individuals) were evaluated for postural control in this observational crosssectional
study. In standing tests, the effects of disease (osteoarthritis vs.
healthy), vision (open vs. closed eyes), and support condition (quiet standing vs.
on the unstable plate) on balance were studied.
Results: The results showed that the presence of knee osteoarthritis significantly
reduced the root mean square of hip joint flexion in patients compared to the
control group (P= .024). The elimination of vision and reducing the base of
support by standing on an unstable plate led to local instability in the joints close
to the perturbation, especially the ankle (p <0.001). The center of pressure data
also showed that the mean (P=0.034) and variability (P=0.003) of the anteriorposterior
excursion was significantly higher in patients. Patients with knee
osteoarthritis are more vulnerable to falling on an unstable plate.
Conclusion: The body uses a postural stiffening strategy to prevent falling
forward, especially on an unstable plate, and postural adjusting in the mediolateral
direction. In rehabilitative treatments to prevent falls based on the sensory
re-organization plans, e.g., rocking board, foam standing, game therapy, etc., it
may be more efficient to focus on the distal joint muscles.

Abstract Background: Poor executive functions are potentially risky for psychopathology
and can reduce response to treatment. This study aimed to investigate the
moderating role of executive functions in the relationship between anxiety and
depression symptoms and response to drug therapy.
Methods: The correlation method was used in this study. The statistical
population was adult outpatients with anxiety disorders and depression who
referred to psychiatric clinics of Bojnourd city. One hundred and sixty-four
participants completed the Outcome Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory,
and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function.
Results: The findings showed that problems of executive functions and anxiety
and depression symptoms predicted weak response to treatment (p <0.0001).
The results of moderating regression analysis showed that problems of executive
functions significantly moderate the relationship of anxiety symptoms and
response to treatment (p <0.0001), while they do not significantly moderate the
relationship between depression symptoms and response to treatment (P>0.05).
The results further showed that a longer course of disease and the comorbidity of
depression and anxiety reduce the response to treatment (p <0.05).
Conclusion: Poor performance in executive functions, a longer course of
disease, and the comorbidity of anxiety and depression disorders can reduce the
response to treatment in patients.