101. Comparison of lumbopelvic movement pattern in people with and without low back pain during stair descending task

Neda Namnik; Reza Salehi; Mohammad jafar Shaterzadeh-Yazdi; Fatemeh Esfandiarpour; Mohammad Mehravar; Neda Orakifar

Volume 5, Issue 3 , Summer 2018, , Pages 81-85

Abstract

  Background: Decreased lumbar spine control may be associated with early and/or excessive lumbopelvic motion with trunk and lower extremity movementsduring functional and daily activities. ...  Read More Background: Decreased lumbar spine control may be associated with early and/or excessive lumbopelvic motion with trunk and lower extremity movementsduring functional and daily activities. This study investigated differences inlumbopelvic movement patterns in people with and without low back pain(LBP) during a stair descending (SD) task.Methods: A total of 36 subjects, 18 females with non-specific chronic low backpain (NSCLBP) and 18 healthy females, participated in this study. A threedimensionalmotion capture system was used to record kinematics during theSD task.Results: The results showed that in the LBP group, the start-time of the lumbarmuscles occurred early in the movement (P=0.015). Additionally, subjects withLBP showed excessive lumbar spine and pelvic movement during the SD task(P<0.05).Conclusion: LBP patients make early and excessive lumbopelvic movementsduring a SD task, and this can be an important factor contributing to thedevelopment or persistence of their LBP problem. This finding should beconsidered by clinicians when evaluating functional tasks as part of movementbasedexaminations and rehabilitation programs for people with LBP.

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102. Phonological Working Memory in 4-8 Year-Old Persian Children who Stutter

Maryam Vahab; Karim Shojaei; Alireza Ahmadi; Mohammad Nasiri

Volume 1, Issue 4 , Autumn 2014, , Pages 92-96

Abstract

  Background: One language-related area that has recently received more attention from researchers working in the field of stuttering is phonological working memory. This article aimed ...  Read More Background: One language-related area that has recently received more attention from researchers working in the field of stuttering is phonological working memory. This article aimed to identify phonological skills of working memory in children with stuttering in comparison with normal children, and to obtain the relationship between the increase in the number of syllables in non-words and the mean percentage of error in non-word repetition in both groups, then to compare them with each other. Methods: Thirty children participated in the study, 15 children who stutter and 15 normal children which were matched by age, gender and socio-economic status. Cases of this study were recruited by non random convenience sampling. The research data collection was based on non-word repetition test. The test included 40 non-words. Independent t-tests and linear regression were used for data analysis.Results: Results revealed that in all cases the mean percentage of error was higher in children who stutter than normal children, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>.05). Also the mean percentage error did not show a regular increase by increasing the number of syllables in the non-words. So that, in both groups of the study the highest mean percentage of error was related to single-syllable non-words then three-syllable and two-syllable ones.Conclusion: The results of the present research from previous researches support the view that children with stuttering may have some degree of delay and slow in phonological working memory abilities when compared to normal children. It is proposed that in future more researches could be done in more samples, in different age groups of children and adults who stutter.

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103. The Prevalence of Specific Language Impairment in 5-year-old Persian-Speaking Children in Shiraz City of Iran – 2015

Mohammad Majid Oryadi-Zanjani; Maryam Vahab; Javad Rasouli; Raziye Ashkbousi; Nesa Barpoosh

Volume 2, Issue 4 , Autumn 2015, , Pages 93-96

Abstract

  Background: Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is one of the most common developmental problems resulting in referral to speech therapy clinics in the preschool years. A number of studies ...  Read More Background: Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is one of the most common developmental problems resulting in referral to speech therapy clinics in the preschool years. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of SLI in different populations. However, the prevalence of childhood language disorders in Iranian population is unknown because of the limited epidemiologic studies in the field. The aim of this study was therefore, to estimate the prevalence of SLI in 5-year-old Persian-speaking children. Methods: This research was an epidemiological study which conducted in a three-month period in the spring of 2015 in Shiraz. The sample size was 180 children aged 5 years old including 95 boys and 85 girls whom recruited from 12 preschool centers of 9 urban areas in Shiraz by stratified sampling. The EpiSLI system was used to diagnose SLI. The Persian version of Test of language Development (TOLD-P: 3) was employed to evaluate the children’s oral language skills. A number of descriptive statistics were calculated. In addition, Chi-square test was used to analyze the correlation between the prevalence of SLI with sex and area. The significant level was set to 0.05.Results: The estimated prevalence of SLI in the population under study was estimated to be %3.3. In addition, the estimated prevalence of SLI in boys and girls was 4.2% and 2.4%, respectively. There were no significant correlation between the estimated prevalence of SLI with sex and area (P > 0.05). Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, it is important to employ screening system to find preschool children with SLI to prevent subsequent problems.

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104. Comparison of the immediate effects of modified and routine warm-ups on knee joint function and dynamic balance in athletes

Mohsen Razeghi; Elham Hamoule

Volume 3, Issue 4 , Autumn 2016, , Pages 97-102

Abstract

  Background: Warm-up before a sport activity is the most common preventive measure to reduce the incidences and severity of injuries during sport activities. This study investigated ...  Read More Background: Warm-up before a sport activity is the most common preventive measure to reduce the incidences and severity of injuries during sport activities. This study investigated the effects of modified warm-up on balance and knee function as compared to those of routine warm-up in athletes.Methods: Twenty healthy athletes volunteered to participate in the study. At the beginning of the session, we evaluated the dynamic balance and the knee joint function variables by Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and hop tests, and then the subjects did either modified or routine warm-up. Immediately after doing the warm-up, the dynamic balance and the knee joint function variables were assessed again. Each subject underwent both interventions in two sessions separated by at least 48 hours.Results: Statistically significant improvements were measured for modified warm-up compared to routine warm-up in eight directions of SEBT and four hop tests. (A: p=0.0001, AL: p=0.005, L: p=0.002, PL: p=0.005, P: p=0.005, PM: p=0.0001, M: p=0.001, AM: p=0.001) (One-leg hop test for distance: p=0.007, triple hop test for distance: p=0.003, triple crossover hop for distance: p=0.004, and 6 meter timed hop test: p=0.0001(.Conclusion: Modified warm-up showed greater impact on improving dynamic balance and some indicators of knee joint function in athletes, and it thereby provides more appropriate conditions for physical activity and reduces incidences of sport injuries.

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105. Comparison of Phonemic Fluency Test Results Using Different Letters among Persian Speakers

Najme Mardani; Mohammad Hosein Rohani; Ramin Mahdipour; Kousar Baghban

Volume 4, Issue 4 , Autumn 2017, , Pages 109-113

Abstract

  Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the results obtained from phonemic fluency test using “F”1, “A”2, “S”3 and “L”4, “T”5,”M”6 among Persian ...  Read More Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the results obtained from phonemic fluency test using “F”1, “A”2, “S”3 and “L”4, “T”5,”M”6 among Persian Speakers aged between 20 and 30 years.Methods: In this applied study, 76 subjects were randomly chosen. The data was analyzed separately for each subject according to the three letters: “F”, “A”, and “S” by using the routine phonemic fluency subtest of verbal fluency test and then phonemic fluency performance was gathered by using the three letters: “L”, “T” and “M” and after scoring according to Troyer method, the resultant numbers were reported after statistical analyses. For statistical analysis using SPSS 19, the distribution of data was firstly evaluated. Due to the fact that the data distribution was normal, Bonferroni test was used to compare the scores of the letters.Results: No significant gender and educational level effects were found and therefore, all further analyses were conducted without taking gender and educational level into account. Also, when the results of the three letters: “F”, “A” and “S” as a group for phonemic fluency performance and “L”, “T” and “M” letters as a different group, were integrated, a significant difference was found between the mean cluster size and switching between these two groups, while there was no significant difference between the average cluster size and cluster number.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the results of phonemic fluency test in each of the six letters are significantly different. Therefore, when using the special letters in the Persian language, it is necessary to examine all the letters for phonological sub-tests and use the simplest letters to study this function.

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106. The Effectiveness of Training Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Self-Regulation on Physical Activity Enjoyment among Obese and Overweight

Reza Nazeri; Hossein Lotf Abadi; Hossein Pourshahryar

Volume 5, Issue 4 , Autumn 2018, , Pages 111-114

Abstract

  Background: Today, lifestyle-associated health problems are increasing, while healthy behaviors could reduce their consequences, e.g. mortality. The physical activity enjoyment (PAE) ...  Read More Background: Today, lifestyle-associated health problems are increasing, while healthy behaviors could reduce their consequences, e.g. mortality. The physical activity enjoyment (PAE) is one of the most important factors which might lead to enhanced physical activity, as a protective factor of chronic diseases and mental disorders. The main purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of educating mindfulness, self-compassion and self-regulation on the PAE of obese and overweighed students. Methods: This is a semi-experimental pre-post study on the effects of educational interventions on the PAE among the high-school students. After informing all participants about the goals of the research, through a list generated based on block randomization methods with size 4 in each block, they were divided randomly into 4 training groups (17 students per group). To assess the PAE, the valid and reliable version of 18-items questionnaire made by Kendzerski and Decarlo (1991) was employed.Results: All participants were in grade 9 aging 14-16 years. Their BMI had a mean of 32.10±2.35 (ranged 26.22 to 37.28). All of the experimental groups had significantly higher levels of PAE than the control group.Conclusion: The educational methods had a significant effect on increasing PAE. Mindfulness, self-compassion, and self-regulation might be used as educational methods to increase the PAE.

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107. The Comparison of Knee Joint Muscles Flexibility between Women with and without Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis

Hedieh Moallem; Amir Hossein Barati; Elham Shirzad Araghi; Anoshirvan Kazemnejad

Volume 7, Issue 3 , Summer 2020, , Pages 118-123

Abstract

  Background: Approximately 60% of individuals above 50 years of age are affected by knee osteoarthritis (KOA). KOA is most commonly assessed through radiographic evaluation and classified ...  Read More Background: Approximately 60% of individuals above 50 years of age are affected by knee osteoarthritis (KOA). KOA is most commonly assessed through radiographic evaluation and classified using the Kellgren -Lawrence (KL) grading system with KL Grade 0 (KLG0) indicating a definite absence of radiographic KOA (RKOA) and KLG2 presenting a definite presence of RKOA. The current study compared knee joint muscle flexibility among three groups with KLG0, KLG2, and KLG3 RKOA. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 94 KLG0, KLG2, and KLG3 knees on 57 women aged ≥40 years were examined. The flexibility of the quadriceps, hamstring, iliotibial band, adductor, and gastrocnemius muscles was compared. Results: Iliotibial band flexibility was lower in subjects with KLG3 RKOA than those with KLG2 (p <0.05) or KLG0 (p ≤0.001) RKOA, with the latter two groups being statistically equivalent (p =0.075). In addition, quadriceps muscle flexibility was lower in subjects with KLG3 RKOA than those with KLG2 (p ≤0.001) or KLG0 (p ≤0.001) RKOA, with the latter two groups being statistically different (p ≤0.001). No significant differences were found between groups regarding other muscles (p >0.05). Conclusion: In patients with RKOA, the flexibility of the iliotibial band and quadriceps muscles may decrease as the disease progresses from KLG2 to KLG3. Moreover, quadriceps and iliotibial band flexibility may be lower in KLG3 compared to KLG0, with a lower likelihood of quadriceps flexibility in KLG2 compared to KLG0. These results suggest that quadriceps and iliotibial band stretching may be potentially important components of treatment.

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108. Assessment of balance recovery strategies during manipulation of somatosensory, vision, and vestibular system in healthy and blind Women

Asma Salari; Mansour Sahebozamani; Abdolhamid Daneshjoo; Fatemeh Karimi Afshar

Volume 6, Issue 3 , September 2019, , Pages 123-129

Abstract

  Background: Individuals with vision loss are at an increased risk of falls. Understanding what factors contribute to postural instability within this population is a necessary step ...  Read More Background: Individuals with vision loss are at an increased risk of falls. Understanding what factors contribute to postural instability within this population is a necessary step towards the development of training programs and rehabilitation targeted at reduction of falls in this population. The aim of this study was to assess the balance recovery during manipulation of somatosensory, vision, and vestibular system in healthy and blind persons. Methods: This causal-comparative study, thirty healthy (28.18±0.47 years) and blind (29.22±0.24 years) subjects were selected as samples. Balance recovery strategies in various situations were recorded by six high-speed cameras after sudden movement of a treadmill. Independent T-test test was used for data analysis. Results: The results of this study indicated that the mean of hip and ankle swings in different conditions was significantly higher in the blind group than in the healthy group, both in the anterior-posterior and posterior-anterior disturbances. There was also a significant difference between the ratio of hip/ankle ROM (the dominant strategy for balance recovery) in all situations (p <0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that both healthy and blind groups had different mechanisms and responses for balance recovery after anterior-posterior and posterior-anterior perturbation (the dominant strategy investigated in each position separately). Also, the results showed that blind individuals more resort to hip strategies to maintain their postural stability and prefer to rely on somatosensory information to restore balance as the dominant sensory system.

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109. Comparison of Head, Neck, and Upper Trunk Postures between Patients Who Have Undergone Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Healthy Subjects: A pilot study

Sara Abolahrari; zahra Rojhani-Shirazi; Ali Rezayi; Mohammad Ranjbar; Farahnaz Emami

Volume 7, Issue 4 , December 2020, , Pages 167-172

Abstract

  Background: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting is an effective treatment for reducing symptoms and mortality in coronary artery patients.Although patients experience post sternotomy complications ...  Read More Background: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting is an effective treatment for reducing symptoms and mortality in coronary artery patients.Although patients experience post sternotomy complications such as musculoskeletal disorders. So, the aim of this study was to compare the head, neck and upper trunk postures between patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and healthy individuals. Methods: In this cross-sectional case-control study, twenty-one men (56.38 ± 8.64 years) were randomly selected from among patients who had been referred to Al-Zahra Cardiac Rehabilitation Center in Shiraz and undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and the angles of forward head, thoracic kyphosis, and rounded shoulder were measured. Twenty healthy men (51.70 ± 10.40 years) were also evaluated and compared in terms of the above variables. This study was designed and conducted as a pilot. The angles of the forward head and rounded shoulder were assessed by placing reflective markers on the body and processing the images by Digimizer MedCalc software, version 4.6.1. Thoracic kyphosis angle was measured by a flexible ruler. The Persian version of the SF36 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to verify the normal distribution of data. Independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used for between-group comparison for data with normal and non-normal distribution, respectively. Results: The comparison of the forward head, rounded shoulder, and thoracic kyphosis angles showed no significant difference between post-surgical and healthy subjects (P> 0.05). Patients' quality of life was significantly different from that of the control group in all aspects, except for general and mental-emotional health (p <0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the case and control groups in the angles of forward head, thoracic kyphosis, and rounded shoulder. Patients who underwent CABG, however, experienced a significant reduction in their quality of life compared to the control group. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to patients and find solutions to manage and improve various aspects of life, such as physical and mental health.

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110. Vestibular Migraine: from differential diagnosis and pathophysiology to treatment options

Farzaneh Zamiri Abdollahi; Afsaneh Doosti; Maryam Delphi

Volume 5, Issue 1 , Winter 2018, , Pages 1-4

Abstract

  Background: The occurrence of migraine and vertigo is common in the general population. Migraine vertigo is challenging and has several common symptoms with inner ear pathologies like ...  Read More Background: The occurrence of migraine and vertigo is common in the general population. Migraine vertigo is challenging and has several common symptoms with inner ear pathologies like Endolymphatic Hydropse. This paper presents a review of recent findings about symptoms, test results, pathophysiology and differential diagnosis. Methods: The present study is a review of 35 papers in the field of vestibular migraine. They were selected by searching the keywords vertigo, dizziness, migraine, treatment and rehabilitation in Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar search engines. Only human studies were included. Results: Recent findings have proposed several common pathophysiologies between vestibular system and migraine including spreading depression in the basilar artery, vasospasm in the internal auditory artery, involvement of the connection with locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, disorder of multisensory integration and channelopathy. Conclusion: For the differential diagnosis of vestibular migraine, it appears that comprehensive case history as well as clinical testing and patient followup, are the best combination. In addition, it has been proven that vestibular rehabilitation is beneficial to patients with vestibular migraine.

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111. Treatment of Myofascial Trigger Points of Pelvic Floor with Physiotherapeutic Package: A Case Report

Esmaeil Shokri; Marzieh Mohamadi; Saeed Heidari

Volume 2, Issue 1 , Winter 2015, , Pages 20-22

Abstract

  Background:There are various factors that may cause pain and dysfunction in the pelvic region. Myofascial trigger points can likewise contribute in pelvic pain. Common treatments for ...  Read More Background:There are various factors that may cause pain and dysfunction in the pelvic region. Myofascial trigger points can likewise contribute in pelvic pain. Common treatments for myofascial trigger points include electrotherapy, laser therapy, massage, ischemic compression, dry-needling, stretch, icing, heating, and biofeedback.Case report:A 26 year old man with an exertion-related pain that lasted 5 months was referred for physiotherapy consultation. He had no pain at rest but reported a referral pain from perineal region to the anus and muscular stiffness following a bout of physical activity. On palpation there was a trigger point in the perineal region with referral pain to anus.  At the beginning of the treatment, the patient was asked to stop his physical activities. The patient received a treatment package which was useful in the management of trigger points. After 7 sessions of treatment the pain was diminished and there was no exercise induced stiffness. The patient was followed for 10 months later and no pain and stiffness was reported.Conclusion:The application of heat, friction massage, stretching, combined with endurance exercise could be an effective treatment for reliving the pain and muscular stiffness caused by trigger points.

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112. The Comparison between Spectral and Entropic Measures Following Fatigue in Erector Spinae Muscles

Saeed Talebian; Maryam Saba; Hossein Bagheri; Gholamreza Olyaei; Shiva Mousavi

Volume 3, Issue 1 , Winter 2016, , Pages 20-24

Abstract

  Background: Surface electromyography (sEMG) of muscles is a non-invasive tool that can be helpful in the assessment of muscle function and some motor control evaluations. A loss of ...  Read More Background: Surface electromyography (sEMG) of muscles is a non-invasive tool that can be helpful in the assessment of muscle function and some motor control evaluations. A loss of force, known as muscle fatigue is accompanied by changes in muscle electrical activity. One of the most commonly used surface EMG parameters which reflects paraspinal muscle fatigue during different tasks and positions is median frequency. Although it is widely known that the electromyography power spectrum shifts to lower frequencies during fatiguing contraction, an opinion exists that the validity of spectral shifts in assessment of fatigue is questionable. Some researchers have examined whether other quantities derived from sEMG signals are better indicators for muscle fatigue. Following cyclic flexion/extension and consequence fatigue, variation in sEMG signals may be complex for study. The aim of this study was to determine which of the median frequency (MF) or entropic (ENTR) is more sensitive for measuring muscular fatigue in erector spinae muscles during cyclic flexion/extension.Methods: Surface electromyography of erector spine muscles was recorded in 25 healthy subjects during cyclic dynamic contractions. The experimental session consisted of two parts: measurement of Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC), and performing the fatigue test. All subjects performed rhythmic flexion/extension with 50% MVC loading against B-200 Isostation, about 4-6 minutes. The MF and ENTR of the muscle activities were computed to assess muscular fatigue.Results: Paired sample t-tests showed that MF and ENTR changes after fatigue test were significant (P <0.001). Percentage changes of both MF and ENTR were reduced, this reduction for ENTR was more than 40% (P <0.001).Conclusion: It seems that the changes of ENTR in muscle activities have the ability to measure muscular fatigue and is more sensitive in comparison to MF.

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113. Comparison of plantar pressure on normal -footed vs. high arch-footed badminton players in two-way lunge

parvane bazipoor; seyed sadreddin shojaeddin; ali shahhoseini; iraj abdollahi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , Winter 2017, , Pages 20-25

Abstract

  Background: Compared to the individuals with a normal arch structure, thosewith high or low arch can be at an increased risk of overuse injuries. The riskof overuse injury among athletes ...  Read More Background: Compared to the individuals with a normal arch structure, thosewith high or low arch can be at an increased risk of overuse injuries. The riskof overuse injury among athletes is high due, in part, to the repeated loadingof the lower extremities. The current study aimed to determine if foot type(high-arched or normal) results in differences in plantar pressure during twobadminton-specific movements (right-reverse lunge and right-lateral lunge).Methods: Twenty badminton players (10 with normal feet and 10 with higharchedfeet) completed five trials in both right-reverse and right-lateral lunge,while in-shoe pressure data were collected at 100 Hz. The peak pressure andmean pressure were analyzed among the subjects for five major anatomicalregions of the foot, using the independent t test in SPSS version 20. The foot typewas determined by the foot posture index (FPI) (α<0.05).Results: Results showed that the plantar pressure characteristics of normal andhigh-arched feet were different; such that in high-arched feet, as compared tonormal subjects, there were significantly fewer pressure strikes in the medial(P=0.010) and lateral (P=0.002) mid-foot in right-reverse lunge and this wassignificantly higher in forefoot (P=0.003) and toes (P=0.010). However, thepeak (P=0.157) and mean (P=0.104) pressure in the heel was higher but notsignificant. In the right- lateral lunge, we found statistically lower peak pressurestroke for the lateral mid-foot (P=0.010) and forefoot (P=0.011); however, themean pressure was lower in the lateral (P=0.010) and medial (P=0.040) mid-footand forefoot (P=0.120), although it was not significant in the forefoot.Conclusion: Results showed that the medial longitudinal arch of the foot mightcause pressure differences in the feet among the players with normal and higharchedfeet. As the results demonstrated, in high-arched feet, there are some regionswhere plantar pressure is higher and some where it is lower. Therefore, in orderto prevent the badminton players from suffering probable foot injuries, attentionshould be paid to the compatibility of the insole/shoe and the medial longitudinalarch and other areas of the foot that suffer more pressures than normal subjects.. 

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114. The Comparison of Neurodevelopmental- Bobath Approach with Occupational Therapy Home Program on Gross Motor Function of Children with Cerebral Palsy

Faranak Behzadi; Hesammedin Noroozi; Marzieh Mohamadi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , Winter 2014, , Pages 21-24

Abstract

  Background & objectives: Traditional Bobath approach (TBA) is one of the several methods using in treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) who referred to occupational therapy ...  Read More Background & objectives: Traditional Bobath approach (TBA) is one of the several methods using in treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) who referred to occupational therapy setting. In this study, the effect of TBA compared with home program Bobath approach (HPBA), on the gross motor function (GMF) of children with CP.Methods: in this clinical trial, 30 children with CP studied in two groups of 15, randomly. Control group received Bobath traditional services 12 sessions. In the intervention group, along with these services, parents participated in training program and fallowed the exercises. Peabody scale assessed GMF before and after intervention.Results: GMF increased significantly in both groups. In addition, differences between the two groups were significant (p=.007).Conclusions: the results of this study showed that TBA with HPBA was more effective than the traditional ones.

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115. The Effects of a Period of Selected Physical Activity on Improving Manipulative and Locomotors Skills of Children with Neuropsychological Learning Disabilities

Amir Dana; Efstathios Christodoulides

Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2020, , Pages 25-30

Abstract

  Background: the aim of this research was to investigate the effects of a period of selected physical activity on improving the fundamental skills of manipulation and locomotion in children ...  Read More Background: the aim of this research was to investigate the effects of a period of selected physical activity on improving the fundamental skills of manipulation and locomotion in children with neuropsychological learning disabilities. Methodsː the present research was semi-experimental. A total of 30 students with neuropsychological learning disorders with an average age of 7.76 participated in this research selected by available sampling. The instrument utilized in this research was the test of Gross Motor Skills. After performing the pretest of locomotor and manipulative skills, the participants were classified homogeneously into experimental and control groups. The experimental group, in addition to taking part in their routine classes at school, also participated in twelve 45-min sessions (three sessions per week) in the Spark program. The control group took part in only their own routine classes. By the end of the 12th session, a posttest was performed. The data were analyzed through covariance analysis in SPSS 22. The significance level was considered as p<0.05. Results: the results showed that in the variables of locomotion (running (P<0.001), hopping (p=0.001) and long jump (p=0.001), as well as manipulative variables (kicking (P<0.001), overhead throwing (P<0.001) and catching (p=0.0001) there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Based on the main differences, the experimental group displayed better performance compared to the control group. Conclusion: overall, it can be stated that a 12-session course based on a selected physical activity can result in improved locomotor and manipulative skills in children with neuropsychological learning disorders.

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116. The effect of dry needling of trigger points in forearm’s extensor muscles on the grip force, pain and function of athletes with chronic tennis elbow

Zahra Etminan; Mohsen Razeghi; Farahnaz Ghafarinejad

Volume 6, Issue 1 , March 2019, , Pages 27-33

Abstract

  Background: Tennis elbow syndrome (TES) is mainly known by having pain in the external side of the elbow. Physiotherapy plays an effective role in the treatment of this syndrome. Dry ...  Read More Background: Tennis elbow syndrome (TES) is mainly known by having pain in the external side of the elbow. Physiotherapy plays an effective role in the treatment of this syndrome. Dry needling is a less invasive, novel, and inexpensive method that shows its therapeutic effects in a shorter time in comparison with the other physiotherapy methods. Effect on tough bands, circulation, and environmental and central neurophysiological effects are some mechanisms by which dry needling poses its effects. The aim of this study was to study the effect of adding dry needling to routine physiotherapy methods in order to improve grip strength and function and reduce pain, as well as to decrease costs and treatment duration for treating tennis elbow syndrome. Methods: Forty four athletes aged 18 to 40 years old who had exercise or match for at least 3 sessions per week (for a sum of 6 hours per week), and were detected to have tennis elbow syndrome lasting more than 3 months were recognized and classified into two groups. The first group received physiotherapy including ultrasound, deep friction massage, and muscle stretching and strengthening exercises. The second group received dry needling in addition to physiotherapy treatment. Therapeutic duration was 3 weeks in each group and 3 sessions in each week. The patient rate elbow evaluation questionnaire (PREE) was completed at the beginning of treatment and the beginning of the second and third weeks, as well as at the end of the third week; grip strength was measured at the mentioned times as well. One week after the end of the therapeutic period, patients were re-evaluated for the reliability rate of the treatment outcomes. For analysis of data obtained for the study, repeated measure test, Mixed ANOVA, and Paired T-test statistical tests were used. Results: Results showed that all evaluated variables (including pain, function, and grip strength) were improved in the patients of both groups after completion of the therapeutic period (P<0.0001). Comparison of the two groups showed a significant difference in the pain variable at the seventh session with P<0.0001, the ninth session with P=0.006, and one week after the end of treatment with P<0.001, and the performance variable at seventh sessions with P<0.0001, ninth sessions with P=0.006, and one week after the end of treatment with P<0.0001, respectively. The pain reduction and function increase rates were higher in the group that received dry needling in addition to physiotherapy in comparison with the group that received physiotherapy after the seventh session. Regarding grip strength variable, the mean of groups was different, though the effect of these two methods in the enhancement of grip strength was not statistically significant (P=0.09). Moreover, regarding the results obtained for the group that received physiotherapy in addition to dry needling, the pain variable reduced in a shorter time in comparison with the other group. Conclusion: With regard to the results mentioned above, both therapeutic methods resulted in an improvement in the studied variables in a comparison that was performed before and after treatment. Moreover, in comparison with the single physiotherapy, using dry needling in addition to physiotherapy had a more powerful effect in improving the studied variables. Therefore, it could be said that using dry needling in addition to other therapeutic methods results in the facilitation of treatment process in the patients, and can reduce their therapeutic costs.

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117. Investigating the Effects of Vestibular Stimulation on Balance Performance in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study

Seyed Ali Hosseini; Bahareh Zeynalzadeh Ghoochani; Saeed Talebian; Ebrahim Pishyare; Hojjat Allah Haghgoo; Roya Mahmoodi Meymand; Afsaneh Zeinalzadeh

Volume 2, Issue 2 , Spring 2015, , Pages 41-46

Abstract

  Background: Centre of pressure displacement is an indicator of postural control. Children with cerebral palsy have poor postural control. One common intervention to enhance their balance ...  Read More Background: Centre of pressure displacement is an indicator of postural control. Children with cerebral palsy have poor postural control. One common intervention to enhance their balance is vestibular stimulation. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vestibular stimulation on COP parameters in children with cerebral palsy (3-10 years old).Methods: This study was a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Twenty children with cerebral palsy received vestibular stimulation, two sessions per week with a course of twelve sessions, based on vestibular stimulation protocol including antero­posterior, lateral, ascending – descending movements and spinning. One cerebral palsy group experienced current and conventional occupational therapy while the other received a period of vestibular stimulation during treatment. Force plate outcome measures were center of pressure displacement parameters as well as velocity, area, displacement in X and Y axes.Results: According to Mann-Whitney U test, means in post-tests in two groups with both conditions of eyes open and closed were significant in velocity parameter (eyes open P= 0.036; eyes closed P = 0.021) while Area parameter, COP displacement in X axis (Rang fore after), COP displacement in Y axis (Rang side way) were not significant (P>0.05). Wilcoxon Test showed significant difference in the velocity parameter; eyes open (P=0.012) and eyes closed (P =0.018).Conclusion: Children who received vestibular stimulation are able to change and control COP displacement faster (according to changes in velocity parameters). So we suggest rehabilitation team members especially occupational therapist to apply vestibular stimulation during their treatment.

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118. Stabilization Exercise Benefits in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case Report

Amin Yoosefi Kordi; Fatemeh Jabari; Mahnaz Setooni

Volume 1, Issue 2 , Spring 2014, , Pages 44-46

Abstract

  Background: ALS is the most devastating form of motor neuron disease, and the chance of survival is 3 to 5 years after the diagnosis is made. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. ...  Read More Background: ALS is the most devastating form of motor neuron disease, and the chance of survival is 3 to 5 years after the diagnosis is made. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. Several upper and lower motor neuron symptoms such as weakness, gait bradykinesia, and muscle atrophy have been reported. The core muscles are considered to be the center of the functional kinetic chain due to the links with upper and lower limbs.Methods: The patient in this case study was a 42 year-old woman suffering from ALSfor two years prior to the study. She had typical upper and lower motor symptoms, but her chief complaints were inability to walk, standing balance impairment, and a tendency to fall posteriorly. She performed core stabilization exercises, which were done three times per day. She was followed for three months.Results: Core stabilization exercises improved her quality of life, and she could walk independently after three months of exercise. In addition, her tendency toward falling posteriorly was completely alleviated.Conclusion: Core stabilization exercises were beneficial to the patient, and she was satisfied because her quality of life had improved.

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119. Development and Validation of the Persian Version of the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) Test in Normal Children Aged 5-8 Years

Abdollah Moossavi; Najmeh Shokoufeh; Saeideh Mehrkian; Akbar Biglarian; Younes Lotfi

Volume 3, Issue 2 , Spring 2016, , Pages 45-50

Abstract

  Background: The goal of the present study was to develop and validate the Persian version of the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) test in normal, Persian-speaking children aged 5-8 years.Methods: ...  Read More Background: The goal of the present study was to develop and validate the Persian version of the Acceptable Noise Level (ANL) test in normal, Persian-speaking children aged 5-8 years.Methods: This tool-making and non-experimental research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage the proper story was selected and recorded after evaluation of its content validity. In the second stage this test material was administered to a total 181 normal children (97 girls and 84 boys) randomly chosen from the population of preschool and primary school children of Tehran (District 5), aged 5-8 years in four age groups to evaluate the reliability of test in order to develop the Persian version of the ANL test and assess its changes during the growth. Lawshe’s method and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to assess the content validity and reliability of the test, respectively. Mann–Whitney U test was used to examine gender differences, and Kruskal-Wallis test was to examine age differences.Results: Test-retest correlation of 0.74 indicated acceptable reliability of the test. Significant differences were found between most of different age groups for the ANL mean scores (P<0.05). There was no significant gender difference for the ANL mean scores (P>0.05).Conclusion: The study results indicated good validity and reliability of the Persian version of the ANL test in children. Therefore this test can be useful in designing classrooms suitable for 5-8 year-old children of both genders.

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120. The Interaction of Knee, Hip and L5-S1 Joint Contact Forces and spatiotemporal variables between Sound and Prosthetic Leg in Patients with Unilateral below-knee Amputation during Walking

Keyvan Sharifmoradi; Mostafa kamali Ardekani; Mohammad Taghi Karimi

Volume 4, Issue 2 , Spring 2017, , Pages 53-59

Abstract

  Background: there is little knowledge explaining how forces applied on knee, hip and L5-S1 joint between the sound and prosthetic leg in unilateral Below-Knee Amputation (BKA), so the ...  Read More Background: there is little knowledge explaining how forces applied on knee, hip and L5-S1 joint between the sound and prosthetic leg in unilateral Below-Knee Amputation (BKA), so the aim of this study was to assess the interaction of knee, hip and L5-S1 joint contact forces between sound and prosthetic leg in patients with unilateral BKA during walkingMethods: Five patients with BKA were recruited in this study. A Qualisys motion system capture with seven cameras and a Kistler force plate were used to record kinematics and kinetics variables of walking. The forces applied on knee, hip and L5-S1 joint contact forces (JCF) were calculated by using Open-SIM software. SPSS software was used to analyze data at an alpha set point of 0.05.Result: The propulsive and second peaks of ground reaction forces applied on sound leg were significantly higher than prosthetic leg (p<0.05). Although the forces applied on hip, knee and L5-S1 joint in the sound leg were higher compared to prosthetic leg, the interaction between side and joint factor was not significant (p>0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the meaningful JCF applied on the sound leg were more than that of prosthetic leg. Insignificant increases in JCF on the sound leg during life can create cumulative forces on knee and low-back and endanger these joints at the risk of knee OA and chronic low-back pain. Balanced forces applied on sound and prosthetic leg is important, if this is the case, so indicating using a proper usage of socket pin and prosthetic feet which may have beneficial impact on sound side loads.

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121. Study of Chronotype (Morningness-Eveningness) on Daily and Weekly Fluctuations of Preschool Children Aggression

Zohre Nasiri Zarch; Massoud Sharifi; Mahmood Heidari; Shahla Pakdaman; Hojatolla Raji

Volume 5, Issue 2 , Spring 2018, , Pages 53-62

Abstract

  Background: The present study aimed at studying the morningness-eveningness chronotype (MEC) of daily and weekly biorhythm fluctuations in the aggression of preschool children. Methods: ...  Read More Background: The present study aimed at studying the morningness-eveningness chronotype (MEC) of daily and weekly biorhythm fluctuations in the aggression of preschool children. Methods: This was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population was preschool children in Tehran. One hundred children were selected through purposive sampling. They were examined at different times of day (08:00, 10:00, 13:00 and 15:00) and different days of the week (Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday). The data collection tool used was the MEC questionnaire for children, a behavioral questionnaire for preschool children and a self-report questionnaire about aggression. The data was analyzed using mixed ANOVA. Results: The results showed that the aggressive behavior of pre-school children in the educational environment varies throughout the day and week. Also, the aggressive performance of preschool children in the morning differed from that of mid-session children or evening-type children in the educational environment during the week (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the behavioral questionnaire showed that the effect of the group on the level of aggression was not significant, but the effect of the day of the week and time of day was significant.

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122. Effects of Acute Fatigue of the Tibialis Anterior Due to a Weight-Bearing Muscle Activity on the Ankle Joint Position Sense in Healthy Subjects

Ali Ghanbari; Farahnaz Ghaffarinejad; Farshid Mohammadi

Volume 1, Issue 3 , Summer 2014, , Pages 67-71

Abstract

  Background: Joint position sense (JPS) is comprised of sensory input from several sources, including skin, joint capsule/ligaments, and muscular receptors. If the muscle receptors play ...  Read More Background: Joint position sense (JPS) is comprised of sensory input from several sources, including skin, joint capsule/ligaments, and muscular receptors. If the muscle receptors play a leading role in detecting joint position awareness, then muscle fatigue might yield a declination in JPS. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a sustained fatiguing contraction of the tibialis anterior (ankle dorsiflexor) could alter the ankle JPS.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 40 healthy subjects (age, 23.9±2.3 years; height, 172.6±5.7 cm; weight, 67.8±4.7 kg) were recruited. Subjects were asked to recognize 2 pre-recognized positions (10° in dorsiflexion (DF) and 21° in plantarflexion (PF)) for 2 experimental conditions: normal and fatigued. Muscular fatigue was induced in the tibialis anterior of the dominant leg by using an isometric test. The average of the absolute angular error (AAE) deviations from the target positions of three trials were recorded as scores for both fatigue and non-fatigue conditions.Results: There was significant decrease in subjects’ abilities to recognize active and passive repositioning of their ankle after a fatigue protocol (P=0.0001).Conclusion: The acuity of the ankle JPS is reduced subsequent to a fatigue protocol.

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123. The Effects of Listening to Persian Music on the Hand Dexterity and Depression in a Patient with Stroke: A Case Report

Reyhaneh Maktoufi; Nastaran Ghotbi; Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari

Volume 2, Issue 3 , Summer 2015, , Pages 68-70

Abstract

  Introduction:Nowadays the use of music therapy for neurological disorders in developed countries is widely emphasized. Despite this, there is little scientific evidence regarding the ...  Read More Introduction:Nowadays the use of music therapy for neurological disorders in developed countries is widely emphasized. Despite this, there is little scientific evidence regarding the use of this method for the treatment of Iranian patients with stroke. Case report: Since Iranian patients are more familiar with Persian music,this study was performed to describe the effects of listening to the Persian music played with Daf (an Iranian music instrument) in a 54-year-old man with chronic stroke.Discussion: This case report could show for the first time, the positive effect of passive listening to Persian music with Iranian Daf instrument on the hand dexterity and depression in a patient with chronic stroke.

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124. Distribution of different types of expressive lexicon in 18–24-month-old Sorani-Kurdish-speaking children

Serve Zarei; Talieh Zarifian; Hosaine Rahmani; Samaneh Hoseinzadeh

Volume 3, Issue 3 , Summer 2016, , Pages 72-76

Abstract

  Background: In the age of 18–19 months, a child’s lexicon increases by acquisition of five words per week. Linguists consider this a period of vocabulary spurt. In the early stages ...  Read More Background: In the age of 18–19 months, a child’s lexicon increases by acquisition of five words per week. Linguists consider this a period of vocabulary spurt. In the early stages of language acquisition, the diversity of vocabulary also increases in addition to an increase in the number of words. The goal of the present study was to examine the distribution of different types of expressive words in 18–24-month-old Sorani-Kurdish-speaking children.Methods: The present research was conducted in a longitudinal form (for three months) on 16 Kurdish infants of Bukan )four girls and four boys of 18 months in age, and four girls and four boys of 21 months). Normal children were selected, based on their health and demographic records. The data collection materials included a weekly vocabulary recording sheet, a vocabulary list, and a demographic questionnaire. All the data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software, with the significance level set at 0. 05. Since the data were normally distributed, independent samples were subjected to T-tests and repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare the vocabulary distribution (nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs) in gender and age groups.Results: There was no significant difference between genders in the number and type of words (p>0.05). In both groups, with increasing age, the number and variation of the words increased (p<0.05). The most frequently expressed words were nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Among the expressed nouns, the most common ones were food categories (19.51%). Of the expressed adjectives, the most common ones related to condition. Among the expressed verbs, the most common ones were imperatives (80%) and positives (90%). Among the expressed adverbs, the most common ones were adverbs of place (90%).Conclusion: It seems from the findings that the distribution and diversity of vocabulary categories follow a pattern similar to other languages. 

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125. Description of Three Time-Domain Speech Features in Children with Down syndrome: A pilot study

Shiva Ebrahimian Dehaghani; Mahmood Bijankhan; Fateme Arjmandpur; Hoda Mozoonei; Omid Yaghini; Mohadeseh Ebrahimian

Volume 7, Issue 2 , June 2020, , Pages 75-79

Abstract

  Background: The present pilot study aims at investigating the three features of time domain in speech in Persian-speaking children with Down syndrome. Methods: In this Cross sectional ...  Read More Background: The present pilot study aims at investigating the three features of time domain in speech in Persian-speaking children with Down syndrome. Methods: In this Cross sectional study, our sample consisted of two 3-8-year-old children (2 males) with Down syndrome (4.9 years old and standard deviation of 1.52). Inclusion criteria were children with Down syndrome, aged 3-8 years old, no neurological or motor disorders, sensory disorders and psychiatric disorders. The voice sample of the children was analyzed with Praat, and the phonetic features of the voice onset time, vowel duration time and closure duration time were evaluated and descriptive statistics were reported by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version (SPSS, Inc., Chicago IL, USA; version 16).  Results: we found that in /pa/, the mean of the voice onset time variable is (0.04±0.00) and in /ta/ the mean of the voice onset time variable is (0.04±0.00).  Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the speech time domain features in Persian-speaking children with Down syndrome were similar to these features in other languages, which could be due to problems with the tone and muscular strength in these children.

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