Document Type : Original Articles
Authors
1 M.Sc., Department of Sports Physiology and Corrective Movements, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, West Azerbaijan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Corrective Exercise and Sport Pathology, Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Abstract
Background: Forward head posture (FHP) and kyphosis are the most common postural deviations which various factors are involved in the occurrence of these abnormalities. This study aimed to compare the effect of functional corrective exercises (FCE) and core stability exercises (CSE) on forward head posture and kyphosis in adolescent girls.
Methods: The present study is quasi-experiment research and included a pre- and post-test design. 52 students aged 14-16 years old with forward head posture >46 degrees and kyphosis >40 degrees were randomly assigned into four groups, each one consisting of 13 students. Research tools for kyphosis as well as forward head posture assessment included flexible ruler and goniometer, respectively. The experimental groups participated in training programs for 6 weeks, three times per week and for 60-minutes per session, while the control group continued their daily routine activities. The data analysis was carried out using covariance (ANCOVA) analysis via SPSS, version 21.
Results: The outcomes showed that there were significant differences among groups, including core stability exercises (CSE) and combined exercises (FCE+CSE) (p= 0.020), core stability exercises (CSE) and Control (p= 0.008), functional corrective exercises (FCE)and Control (p= 0.001), combined exercises (FCE+CSE) and Control (p= 0.001) with respect to kyphosis. For the Forward head posture (FHP) variable, there were significant differences between pre- and post-tests of core stability exercises (CSE) and Control (p= 0.001), functional corrective exercises (FCE)and combined exercises (FCE+CSE) (p= 0.019), functional corrective exercises (FCE)and Control (p= 0.001) as well as combined exercises (FCE+CSE) and Control (p= 0.001) groups. There was no significant difference between pre- and post-test measures of control group.
Conclusion: According to this study's results, although all types of training programs had a significant effect on postural correction, but a combined exercises (FCE+CSE) significantly improved forward head posture and kyphosis combined to each training program. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals and corrective exercise specialists to implement a combined program to have a better result in terms of kyphosis and forward head posture correction
Keywords
- Ruivo R M, Pezarat-Correia P, Carita A I. Effects of a resistance and stretching training program on forward head and protracted shoulder posture in adolescents. J Manipulative Physiol Therapeut. 2017; 40(1):1-10.
- Fathollahnejad, K, Letafatkar A, Hadadnezhad M. The effect of manual therapy and stabilizing exercises on forward head and rounded shoulder postures: a six-week intervention with a one-month follow-up study. BMC Muscoskel Disord. 2019; 20(1):1-8
- Mirbagheri S S, Rahmani-Rasa A, Farmani F, Amini P, Nikoo M R. Evaluating kyphosis and lordosis in students by using a flexible ruler and their relationship with severity and frequency of thoracic and lumbar pain. Asian spine journal. 2015; 9(3): 416.
- Nitzschke E, Hildenbrand M Epidemiology of kyphosis in school children. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1990; 128(5):477-81
- Kamali F, Mataleh A. Prevalence of forward head posture and its relationship with activity of trigger points of shoulder region in high school students of Shiraz. the journal of urmia university of medical sciences. 2003;13(4), 283-289.
- L Blum C. The many faces of forward head posture: the importance of differential diagnosis. 2019; 37(3):143-146.
- Lee SM, Lee CH, O’Sullivan D, Jung JH, Park JJ. Clinical effectiveness of a Pilates treatment for forward head posture. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016; 28(7):2009-13.
- Kuo YL, Tully EA, Galea MP. Sagittal spinal posture after Pilates-based exercise in healthy older adults. Spine. 2009; 34(10):1046-51.
- Harman K, Hubley-Kozey CL, Butler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2005; 13(3):163-76.
- Jerry, R, Thams, Nelson, JL. Research Method in Physical Education. Translation of Sediq Sarvestani. Semat Publishing 2010; 1(2): 143-181. [Persian]
- Ashraf, MJ, and Ghasemi GA. Compare the effect of traditional training and corrective exercises national academy of America on the neck and forward head angle in university male students. 2018; 3(6): 22-30.
- Rahnama N, Bambaeichi E, Bagherian S, Nezhadroomazi S. Comparison of Spinal Column Curvatures in Triathlon Athletes and Non-Athletes. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2012; 30(196): 1-10. [persian]
- Taheri H, Mahdavinejad R, Bagherian Dehkordi S, Omidali Z. "Comparison of forward head in persons with chronic neck pain and healthy persons". Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences 2010; 7(2): 162-168. [persian]
- Yanagawa TL, Maitland ME, Burgess K, Young L, Hanley D. Assessment of thoracic kyphosis using the flexicurve for individuals with osteoporosis. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2000; 1;18(2):53-7.
- Daneshmandi, H, Harati J, Fahim Poor S. "Bodybuilding links to upper crossed syndrome." Physical Activity Review. 2017; (5):124-131.
- Ramezanzade H, Arabnarmi B. Relationship of self-esteem with forward head posture and round shoulder. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011; (15): 3698-3702.
- Naderi A, Katzman WB. Effects of a 12-Week Global Corrective Exercise Intervention on Sway Back Posture in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Health Stud. 2019; 5(3).
- Hajihosseini E, Norasteh A, Shamsi A, Daneshmandi H. The effects of strengthening, stretching and comprehensive exercises on forward shoulder posture correction. Physical Treatments: Specific Physical Therapy Journal (PTJ). 2014; 4(3):123-32.
- Dunn JJ. Manneimerjs. The cervical spint. In: Pertes RA, Grass SG, eds. Clinical management of temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain. Chicago: Quintessence;1995, 13_34.
- Parvaneh S, Mohler J, Toosizadeh N, Grewal GS, Najafi B. Postural transitions during activities of daily living could identify frailty status: application of wearable technology to identify frailty during unsupervised condition. Gerontology. 2017; 63(5):479-87.
- Lynch SS, Thigpen CA, Mihalik JP, Prentice WE, Padua D. The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers. Br J Sports Med. 2010; 44(5):376-81.
- Ball JM, Cagle P, Johnson BE, Lucasey C, Lukert BP. Spinal extension exercises prevent natural progression of kyphosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009; 20(3):481.
- Roshani S, Yousefi M, Sokhtezari Z, Khalil Khodaparast M. The Effect of a Corrective Exercise Program on Upper Crossed Syndrome in a Blind Person. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research. 2019; 6(3):148-52.
- Moseley JR JB, Jobe FW, Pink M, Perry J, Tibone J. EMG analysis of the scapular muscles during a shoulder rehabilitation program. Am J Sports Med. 1992; 20(2):128-34.
- Shavandi N, Shahrjerdi S, Heidarpor R, Sheikh-Hoseini R. The effect of 7 weeks corrective exercise on thoracic kyphosis in hyper-kyphotic students. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2011; (13). [Persian].
- Sayyadi P, Sheikhhoseini R, O’Sullivan K, Balouchi R. The Effect of Through-Range Versus Shortened-Length Exercise Training on Upper Quarter Posture Among Students with Forward Head Posture: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2019; 13(1):49-58.
- Katzman WB, Sellmeyer DE, Stewart AL, Wanek L, Hamel KA. Changes in flexed posture, musculoskeletal impairments, and physical performance after group exercise in community-dwelling older women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007; 88(2):192-9.
- Seidi F, Rajabi R, Ebrahimi I, Alizadeh MH, Minoonejad H. The efficiency of corrective exercise interventions on thoracic hyper-kyphosis angle. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 2014; 27(1):7-16.
- Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Effects of abnormal posture on capsular ligament elongations in a computational model subjected to whiplash loading. J Biomech. 2005; 38(6):1313-23.
- Mousavi SH, Minoonejad H, Seidi F, Rajabi R. Comparing the Effect of 8-Week Corrective Exercises with Versus Without Myofascial Release on Correcting Forward Shoulder Deformity. Physical Treatments: Specific Physical Therapy Journal (PTJ). 2019; 9(1):47-58.
- Ahn JA, Kim JH, Bendik AL, Shin JY. Effects of stabilization exercises with a Swiss ball on neck-shoulder pain and mobility of adults with prolonged exposure to VDTs. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(4):981-4.
- Andersen CH, Andersen LL, Mortensen OS, Zebis MK, Sjøgaard G. Protocol for shoulder function training reducing musculoskeletal pain in shoulder and neck: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Muscoskel Disord. 2011; 12(1):1-5.
- Morningstar MW, Strauchman MN, Weeks DA. Spinal manipulation and anterior headweighting for the correction of forward head posture and cervical hypolordosis: a pilot study. Journal of chiropractic medicine. 2003; 2(2):51-4.
)