Omid kazemi; Paulo H. Marchetti; Aboozar Saadatian; Hadi Abbaszade Ghanati
Volume 12, Issue 3 , September 2025, , Pages 1-10
Abstract
Background: Stretching is widely used to improve joint range of motion (ROM). This study examined the immediate effects of different stretching protocols on scapular muscle activity ...
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Background: Stretching is widely used to improve joint range of motion (ROM). This study examined the immediate effects of different stretching protocols on scapular muscle activity and motion in elite gymnasts.Methods: A semi-experimental crossover design was employed. Fifteen elite gymnasts (mean age: 23.25 ± 2.57 years; height: 170.93 ± 5.88 cm; weight: 64.54 ± 5.06 kg) participated. Each athlete was assessed before and after five stretching conditions: dynamic stretching, static stretching, dynamic followed by static stretching, static followed by dynamic stretching, and no stretching (control). Myoelectric activity was recorded using surface electromyography (EMG), and scapular kinematics were assessed via the Kestrel model motion analysis system. Pre- and post-intervention values were compared to evaluate changes.Results: Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant effects of stretching protocols on both muscle activation and scapular kinematics (tilt and rotation) (p < .05). Post hoc analysis showed significant differences between pre- and post-test values, as well as among the five stretching conditions (p < .05).Conclusion: Both static and dynamic stretching protocols induced immediate changes in gymnasts' scapular muscle activity and kinematics. These alterations, particularly in muscle activation and scapular tilt, may influence performance and potentially elevate the risk of injury.
