ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of Visual Feedback and Verbal Encouragement on Abdominal Muscles Endurance Tests
Background: Abdominal muscles are one of the most important componentsthat provide trunk stability. It has been reported that abdominal musclesendurance can be decreased in patients with low back pain. Tests that canbe used for the assessment of abdominal muscles endurance; include supineisometric chest raise (SICR) and supine double straight-leg raise (SDSLR) tests.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of visual feedback and verbalencouragement on endurance tests of deep abdominal muscles.Methods: In this two-factor mixed design study, a convenient sample of 40asymptomatic (healthy) participants (20 males and females each) aged between20-35 years was selected. Each subject performed the SICR and SDSLR tests under4 conditions: no feedback, visual feedback, verbal encouragement, and combinedvisual feedback and verbal encouragement. The tests were terminated when thesubject was no longer able to maintain a position. Furthermore, each test wasrepeated twice with 5 min interval and the average time was recorded for analysis.Results: Endurance test time was improved significantly when 2 types of feedbackwere given during the tests (P<0.01). However, combined visual feedback andverbal encouragement had superior effect on endurance test time compared tovisual feedback or verbal encouragement alone (P=0.01).Conclusion: The incorporation of verbal encouragement and visual feedback isan important factor in improving holding time during endurance tasks. Thismay have important implications on endurance training and rehabilitationprogrammes of abdominal muscles.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41120_48cfa9302723a406c11367dc9efbf5bf.pdf
2017-09-01
61
65
10.30476/jrsr.2017.41120
Endurance test
Abdominal muscles
Visual feedback
Verbal encouragement
Morteza
Taghipour
taghipour-morteza@hotmail.com
1
a: Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
b: Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Salman
Nazary-Moghadam
nazary_salman@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Pourahmadi
pourahmadipt@gmail.com
3
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Rajabzadeh
f.rajabzadeh.136@gmail.com
4
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Afsun
Nodehi-Moghadam
nodehi@uswr.ac.ir
5
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ito T, Shirado O, Suzuki H, Takahashi M, Kaneda K, Strax TE. Lumbar trunk muscle endurance testing: an inexpensive alternative to a machine for evaluation. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1996;771:75-9.
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Juodzbaliene V, Darbutas T, Skurvydas A, Brazaitis M. Does the Length of Elbow Flexors and Visual Feedback Have Effect on Accuracy of Isometric Muscle Contraction in Men after Stroke? BioMed Research International. 2016;2016:6.
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Moreau CE, Green BN, Johnson CD, Moreau SR. Isometric back extension endurance tests: a review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24(2):110-22.
35
del Pozo-Cruz B, Mocholi MH, del Pozo-Cruz J, Parraca JA, Adsuar JC, Gusi N. Reliability and validity of lumbar and abdominal trunk muscle endurance tests in office workers with nonspecific subacute low back pain. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 2014;27(4):399-408.
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Jung M-C, Hallbeck MS. Quantification of the effects of instruction type, verbal encouragement, and visual feedback on static and peak handgrip strength. Int J Ind Ergonom. 2004;34(5):367-74.
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47
O'Sullivan A, O'Sullivan K. The effect of combined visual feedback and verbal encouragement on isokinetic concentric performance in healthy females. Isokinetics and exercise science. 2008;16(1):47-53.
48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the Auditory Differentiation Skill in Normal 7-8 Year Old Persian Children in Shiraz
Background: Development of auditory differentiation skill plays an imperativerole in the development of speech and language skills of children as well as centralauditory processing. One of the instruments employed in the investigation ofthis skill is auditory differentiation test. The present study was conducted withthe aim of investigating the auditory differentiation skill in normal 7-8 year oldchildren.Methods: The present cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 200normal girls and boys within the age bracket of 7-8 years with equal numbers ofgenders (100 girls and 100 boys). In order to examine the auditory differentiationskill, the Persian version of Wepman auditory differentiation test was employed.The significance level in this research was considered as P=0.05.Results: The auditory differentiation score according to percentiles of 5 and 95was 38 and 40 among the seven year old group, respectively, while it was 38.05and 40 in the eight year old group, respectively. The mean auditory differentiationscore of the seven year old children was significantly lower than that of the eightyear old children (P=0.04). No significant difference was observed between thetwo genders (P=0.19).Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this research, the auditorydifferentiation score was significantly different between the seven and eight yearold groups, but no significant difference was observed between boys and girls.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41121_689e4cba4897e6e32b71ccb98d8a70d4.pdf
2017-09-01
66
69
10.30476/jrsr.2017.41121
Auditory Differentiation
Central Auditory Processing
Rehabilitation
Auditory perception
Afsaneh
Doosti
afsanehdoosti@yahoo.com
1
Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Nourmohammadi
fatimanourmohammadi@gmail.com
2
AUTHOR
Maryam
Delphi
delphi.maryam1@gmail.com
3
AUTHOR
Dsouza JM, Aravind LR. Auditory Discrimination Tests in KonkaniâPerformance of Children (6-9 Years) in Quiet and Noisy Conditions. Language in India. 2016;16(4).
1
Sussman E, Wong R, Horvath J, Winkler I, Wang W. The development of the perceptual organization of sound by frequency separation in 5â11-year-old children. Hearing Research. 2007;225(1):117-27.
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Ting H, Yunus J, Nordin MM, editors. Assessing auditory discrimination skill of Malay children using computer-based method. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2005 IEEE-EMBS 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the; 2006: IEEE.
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Jansson-Verkasalo E, Ceponiene R, Kielinen M, Suominen K, Jäntti V, Linna S-L, et al. Deficient auditory processing in children with Asperger Syndrome, as indexed by event-related potentials. Neuroscience letters. 2003;338(3):197-200.
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in Semnan city. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2012;6(No.2):37-41.
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Maxon AB, Hochberg I. Development of psychoacoustic behavior: Sensitivity and discrimination. Ear and Hearing. 1982;3(6):301-8.
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Jensen JK, Neff DL. Development of basic auditory discrimination in preschool children. Psychological Science. 1993;4(2):104-7.
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Sussman JE. Perception of formant transition cues to place of articulation in children with language impairments. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1993;36(6):1286-99.
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Benasich AA, Tallal P. Infant discrimination of rapid auditory cues predicts later language impairment. Behavioural brain research. 2002;136(1):31-49.
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Peña-Brooks A, Hegde MN. Assessment and treatment of articulation and phonological disorders in children: A dual-level text: Pro-Ed; 2007.
29
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30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimal Strategy for Sit-to-Stand Movement Using Reinforcement Learning
Background: Sit-to-stand motion is a frequent and challenging task in daily lifeactivities especially for elderly and disabled people. Central nervous system usesseveral strategies for sit-to-stand movement. Many studies have been conductedto understand the underlying basis of the optimal approach. Reinforcementlearning (RL) is a suitable method for modeling the control strategies that occurin neuro-musculoskeletal system.Methods: In this paper a dynamic model of human sit-to-stand was derived, andkinematic data of a healthy subject has been extracted in this task. An optimalcontrol problem was formulated considering minimum energy and Q-Learningmethod has been utilized to find the optimal joint moments during sit to standmovement.Results: The simulation results have been compared to the experimental data.The lower extremity joint angles have been simulated and tracked the actualhuman angles extracted from the experiments. Also the joints moments showeda satisfactory precision by the proposed approach.Conclusion: An RL-based algorithm was used to model the human sit-to-stand,in which the model explores the state space with a Markov based approach andfinds the best actions (joint moments) at each state (posture). In this approach themodel successfully performs the task while consuming minimum energy. Thiswas achieved by updating the algorithm in every trial using a Q-learning method.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41122_e7383adf8fe1dd63d1d836301483f310.pdf
2017-09-01
70
75
10.30476/jrsr.2017.41122
Sit-to-stand
optimal control
reinforcement learning
human dynamic model
Saeed
Jamali
jamali.iauctb@gmail.com
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University
AUTHOR
Sajjad
Taghvaei
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University
AUTHOR
Seyyed Arash
Haghpanah
haghpanah@shirazu.ac.ir
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Noroozian M. The elderly population in iran: an ever growing concern in the health system. Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. 2012;6(2):1.
1
Yamasaki HR, Kambara H, Koike Y. Dynamic optimization of the sit-to-stand movement. Journal of applied biomechanics. 2011;27(4):306-13.
2
BÅażkiewicz M, Wiszomirska I, Wit A. A new method of determination of phases and symmetry in stand-to-sit-to-stand movement. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health. 2014;27(4):660-71.
3
An Q, Ishikawa Y, Nakagawa J, Oka H, Yamakawa H, Yamashita A, et al., editors. Analysis of contribution of muscle synergies on sit-to-stand motion using musculoskeletal model. Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO), 2013 IEEE Workshop on; 2013: IEEE.
4
Schlicht J, Camaione DN, Owen SV. Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed, and sit-to-stand performance in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2001;56(5):M281-M6.
5
Faria CDCdM, Saliba VA, Teixeira-Salmela LF. Musculoskeletal biomechanics in sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit activities with stroke subjects: a systematic review. Fisioterapia em movimento. 2010;23(1):35-52.
6
Cachia C. A Biomechanical Analysis of the Sit-to-stand Transfer in Parkinson's Disease: ProQuest; 2008.
7
Janssen WG, Bussmann HB, Stam HJ. Determinants of the sit-to-stand movement: a review. Physical therapy. 2002;82(9):866-79.
8
Elibol E, Calderon J, Llofriu M, Quintero C, Moreno W, Weitzenfeld A, editors. Power usage reduction of humanoid standing process using q-learning. Robot Soccer World Cup; 2015: Springer.
9
Lord SR, Murray SM, Chapman K, Munro B, Tiedemann A. Sit-to-stand performance depends on sensation, speed, balance, and psychological status in addition to strength in older people. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2002;57(8):M539-M43.
10
An Q, Ishikawa Y, Funato T, Aoi S, Oka H, Yamakawa H, et al. Muscle synergy analysis of human standing-up motion using forward dynamic simulation with four body segment model. Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems: Springer; 2016. p. 459-71.
11
Cheng P-T, Chen C-L, Wang C-M, Hong W-H. Leg muscle activation patterns of sit-to-stand movement in stroke patients. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation. 2004;83(1):10-6.
12
Goulart FR-d-P, Valls-Sole J. Patterned electromyographic activity in the sit-to-stand movement. Clinical neurophysiology. 1999;110(9):1634-40.
13
Roberts PD, McCollum G. Dynamics of the sit-to-stand movement. Biological cybernetics. 1996;74(2):147-57.
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Taghvaei S, Tavasoli A, Feizi N, Rajestari Z, Abdi M. A control-oriented dynamic model for sit-to-stand motion with fixed support. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics. 2017:1464419317731059.
15
KuželiÄki J, Žefran M, Burger H, Bajd T. Synthesis of standing-up trajectories using dynamic optimization. Gait & posture. 2005;21(1):1-11.
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Kaelbling LP, Littman ML, Moore AW. Reinforcement learning: A survey. Journal of artificial intelligence research. 1996;4:237-85.
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Barto AG. Reinforcement learning control. Current opinion in neurobiology. 1994;4(6):888-93.
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Bagnell JA, Schneider JG, editors. Autonomous helicopter control using reinforcement learning policy search methods. Robotics and Automation, 2001 Proceedings 2001 ICRA IEEE International Conference on; 2001: IEEE.
19
MusiÄ J, Kamnik R, Munih M. Model based inertial sensing of human body motion kinematics in sit-to-stand movement. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 2008;16(8):933-44.
20
Kleijn R, Kachergis G, Hommel B. Predictive Movements and Human Reinforcement Learning of Sequential Action. Cognitive science. 2018.
21
Hall SJ, Sciences H. Basic biomechanics. 7 ed. United States: McGraw Hill Higher Education; 2014 2014/03/01.
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Sutton RS, Barto AG. Reinforcement learning: An introduction: MIT press Cambridge; 1998.
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25
Lillicrap TP, Hunt JJ, Pritzel A, Heess N, Erez T, Tassa Y, et al. Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:150902971. 2015.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Stability Analysis in Individuals with Complete and Incomplete Spinal cord Injury: Linear Versus Non-Linear Methods
Background: Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) lose their abilities tostand. The effectiveness of compensating strategies such as the use of variousorthosis is studied by stability analysis. These kind of analyses are usuallystudied by linear method. In this study, the standing stability of complete andincomplete SCI individuals is evaluated by linear versus non-linear methods.Methods: Study groups consisted of 10 normal, 5 incomplete and 5 complete SCIindividuals. SCI participants stood with crutch and/or orthosis on a Kistler forceplate. The excursions of center of pressure (COP), velocity of COP, correlationdimension, and approximate entropy in the anteroposterior and mediolateralplanes were calculated in this study. Statistical analysis was done by one-wayANOVA and Post-hoc calculations by Tukey HSD.Results: Linear method revealed that the difference in “the mediolateral COP sway”and “anteroposterior COP velocity” was insignificant among the groups, whilstthe difference in “anteroposterior COP sway”, “mediolateral COP velocity” and“total velocity” was significant. In contrast, non-linear method revealed that thedifference in “mediolateral embedding diversion”, “anteroposterior embeddingdiversion”, “mediolateral correlationdimension” and “anteroposterior ApEn”was insignificant among the groups, whilst the difference in “anteroposteriorcorrelation dimension” and “mediolateral ApEn” was significant.Conclusion: Based on linear method, the stability of SCI subjects seems to belike normal subjects. However, non-linear analysis revealed that although SCIpatients knew how to put their body in a good posture to have a stable position,they had no abilities to control their posture.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41123_b3aaf7e9d33ac701468ea02134c001bd.pdf
2017-09-01
76
83
10.30476/jrsr.2017.41123
Stability
Spinal cord injury
Linear Analysis
Non-Linear Analysis
Hamid
Kargar
hamidkargar@yahoo.com
1
Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises,Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan
AUTHOR
Vahid
Zolaktaf
v.zolaktaf@spr.ui.ac.ir
2
Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises,Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Wyndaele, M. and J.J. Wyndaele, Incidence, prevalence and epidemiology of spinal cord injury: what learns a worldwide literature survey? Spinal cord, 2006. 44 (9)(1362-4393 (Print)): p. 523-9.
1
Somers, M.F., Spinal cord injury: functional rehabilitation. 1992, Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton & Lange. xvi,365p.
2
Capaul, M., et al., Analyses of 94 consecutive spinal cord injury patients using ASIA definition and modified Frankel score classification. Paraplegia, 1994. 32 (9): p. 583-7.
3
Chen, H.Y., et al., A nationwide epidemiological study of spinal cord injury in geriatric patients in Taiwan. Neuroepidmiology 1997. 16(5)(0251-5350 (Print)): p. 241-7.
4
Pickett, W., et al., Traumatic spinal cord injury in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Trauma, 2003. 55 (6)(0022-5282 (Print)): p. 1070-6.
5
Surkin, J., et al., Spinal cord injury in Mississippi. Findings and evaluation, 1992-1994. Spine, 2000. 25 (6)(0362-2436 (Print)): p. 716-21.
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NSCISC, Spinal cord injury: facts and figures at a glance. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 2001. 24 (3)(1079-0268 (Print)): p. 212-3.
7
Douglas, R., et al., The LSU Reciprocal-Gait Orthosis. Orthopedics, 1983. 6: p. 834-839.
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Major, R.E., J. Stallard, and G.K. Rose, The dynamics of walking using the hip guidance orthosis (hgo) with crutches. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 1981. 7(0309-3646 (Print)): p. 19-22.
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Stallard, J., ORLAU, A brief history- The first 25 years 1975 to 2000. 2000, ORLAU p. 80.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Can muscle relaxation affect balance in patients with tension-type headache? A pre-post study
Background: Proprioceptive inputs from the cervical region play an important role in balance. In patients with tension-type headache (TTH), proprioception is altered. The effect of treatment for TTH on balance is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of post-isometric relaxation (PIR) in the neck muscles on pain, disability and balance in patients with TTH.Methods: 30 patients with chronic TTH who had a trigger point and tenderness in the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), suboccipitalor splenius muscles were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent PIR based on Liebenson’s method. Before and after treatment, balancewas evaluated with the Y balance test, time up and go test, functional reach test and single leg stance test. As clinical symptoms of TTH we considered the intensity and frequency of headaches,which were recorded along with neck disability index (NDI)assecondary outcomes. Paired t-tests were used to analyze the data.Results:The results of the Y balance test, time up and go test, functional reach test and single leg stance test changed significantly after treatment (P< 0.001). Significant differences were also found forall secondary variables (P < 0.001).Conclusions:The results of this study showed that the PIR technique for muscle relaxation in the upper trapezius, SCM, suboccipitalor splenius muscles may improve balance along with clinical symptoms such as pain and disabilityin patients with TTH.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41124_b165329ed33918050c20261e49a3de0c.pdf
2017-09-01
84
87
10.30476/jrsr.2017.41124
Balance
Tension-type headache
Muscle relaxation
Disability
Zahra
Rojhani-Shirazi
1
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Barzegar
barzegarali66@gmail.com
2
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Elham
Nouraddini
elham.nouraddini@gmail.com
3
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Negar
Azhdari
negarazhdari12@gmail.com
4
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Marzieh
Mohamadi
mohamadm@sums.ac.ir
5
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
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