ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Biomechanical Analysis of the Contributing Factors to Increases in Vertical Jump Height Following Exercise with Weighted Vests
Background and objectives: It has been shown that a bout of jumping exercise with weighted vests increases the subsequent countermovement jump height. However, it is not clear whether the improvement in jump height is due to the enhancement of joint power or due to other mechanisms such as neural adaptations.Methods: To investigate this dichotomy, we tested the acute neuromechanical changes following a preloaded exercise protocol (3 sets of 5 consecutive CMJs with a weighed vest equal to 15% of the body mass of the participant) that successfully increased the subsequent jump height. On average, jump height increased 1.52 cm (5.4%) after this exercise as compared to CMJs prior to the exercise protocol.Results: A significant decrease in the time from the start of the movement to take off (pre-take off duration) was observed. This decrease was exclusively caused by exercising with a weighted vest, since such a change was not observed in the control sessions in which participants exercised without the weighted vest. Our data showed that jumpers leave the ground with some degrees of knee flexion and upon exercising with weighted vest this amount of flexion increased and hence an increase in the jump height. However, no significant changes in peak values of lower limb joint angle, velocity, moment and power were observed.Conclusion: It is suggested that for designing weighted vest exercise protocols with the aim of increasing jump height, the idea of modifying the timing of the movement should be considered as a cause of the enhancement. This novel idea adds another mechanism for increasing the jump height following weighted vest exercise, along with the general belief of muscle potentiation..
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41044_6ecfebbeb2dd7713d37675e4969ae812.pdf
2014-01-11
2
7
10.30476/jrsr.2014.41044
jump height
Exercise
biomechanics
Behdad
Tahayori
btahayori@usa.edu
1
Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington IN 47405, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Arnold
Nelson
anelso@lsu.edu
2
Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
AUTHOR
David
Koceja
koceja@indiana.edu
3
Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington IN 47405, USA
AUTHOR
Bishop D. Warm up I. Potential Mechanisms and the Effects of Passive Warm Up on Exercise Performance. Sports Medicine 2003;33(6):439-56.
1
Bishop D. Warm up II performance changes following active warm up and how to struchture the warm up. Sports Medicine 2003;33(7):483-98.
2
Cornwell A, Nelson AG, Heise GD, Sidaway B. The acute effects of passive muscle stretching on vertical jump performance. Journal of Human Movement Studies 2001;40:307-24.
3
McNeal JR, Sands WA. Acute static stretching reduces lower extremity power in trained children. Pediatric Exercise Science 2003;15:139-45.
4
Cissik JM. Means and methods of speed training: Part II. Strength and conditioning journal 2005;27(1):18-25.
5
Sleivert G, Taingahue M. The relationship between maximal jump-squat power and sprint acceleration in athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004;91:46-52.
6
Morrissey MC, Harman EA, Frykman PN, Han KH. Early Phase Differential Effects of Slow and Fast Barbell Squat Training. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 1998;2 (2):221-30.
7
Thompsen AG, Kackley T, Palumbo MA, Faigenbaum AD. Acute effects of different warm-up protocols with and without a weighted vest on jumping performance in athletic women. Journal of strength and conditioning research 2007;21(1):52-6.
8
Faigenbaum AD, McFarland JE, Schwerdtman JA, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Hoffman JR. Dynamic warm-up protocols, with and without a weighted vest, and fitness performance in high school female athletes. Journal of athletic training 2006;41(4):357-63.
9
Burkett LN, Phillips WT, Ziuraitis J. The best warm-up for the vertical jump in college-age athletic men. Journal of strength and conditioning research 2005;19(3):673-6.
10
Siatras T, Papadopoulos G, Mameletzi D, Gerodimos V, Kellis S. Static and dynamic acute stretching effect on gymnastsâ speed in vaulting. Pediatric Exercise Science 2003;15(4):383-91.
11
Gourgoulis V, Aggelosussis N, Kasimatis P, Mavromatis G, Garas A. Effect of a submaximal half-squats warm-up program on vertical jumping ability. Journal of strength and conditioning research 2003;17(2):342-4.
12
Vanezis A, Lees A. A biomechanical analysis of good and poor performers of the vertical jump. Ergonomics 2005;48(11):1594-603.
13
Hatze H. Validity and reliability of methods of testing vertical jumping performance. Journal of applied biomechanics 1998;14:127-40.
14
Cavagna GA. Storage and Utilization of Elastic Energy in Skeletal Muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 1977;5(1):89-130.
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Van Ingen Schenau GJ, de Groot G, de Boer RW. The control of speed in elite female speed skaters. Journal of Biomechanics 1985;18(2):91-6.
16
Van Ingen Schenau GJ. From rotation to translation: Constraints on multi-joint movements and the unique action of bi-articular muscles. Human Movement Science 1989;8(4):301-37.
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Bobbert MF, Hoek E, van Ingen Schenau GJ, Sargeat AJ, Schreurs AW. A Model to Demonstrate the Power Transporting Role of Bi-articular Muscles. Journal of Physiology 1987;387:24P.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Relationship Between Quality of Life and Hypertonia in Young Adults with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Background and objectives: The complications associated with spastic cerebral palsy can affect the physical ability and quality of life of individuals suffering from this motor disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between quality of life and hypertonia in adults with spastic cerebral palsy.Methods: In an analytical cross sectional study, 70 subjects with the diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy from three Ra'ad Rehabilitation Goodwill complexes in Tehran and Karaj cities took part in this study through convenient sampling. The severity of spasticity and contracture of the knee flexors were measured by Modified Tardieu Scale. Also the quality of life was assessed through World Health Organization quality of life-BREF questionnaire. To analyze data, Pearson and spearman correlation coefficient were used.Results: Participants of this study were 42.9% male, 57.1% female with mean age 26.24± 5 years. No correlation existed between quality of life with knee flexor muscles spasticity. However, psychological and environmental domains showed low correlations with knee extension range (respectively r=0.26 and r=0.28; p< 0.05)Conclusion: The influences of the mechanical component of hypertonia (contracture) on the quality of life are more prominent than neural factors such as spasticity.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41045_79f168bddb5520566d5a4a9bdbfc118a.pdf
2014-01-11
8
11
10.30476/jrsr.2014.41045
adult
cerebral palsy
Quality of life
hypertonia
Nasrin
Salehi Dehno
1
AUTHOR
Shohreh
Noorizadeh Dehkordi
noorizadeh@razi.tums.ac.ir
2
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mehdi
Dadgoo
mehdidadgoo@yahoo.com
3
AUTHOR
Masoud
Salehi
salehi74@yahoo.com
4
AUTHOR
Svien LR, Berg P, Stephenson C. Issues in aging with cerebral palsy. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 2008;24(1):40-26
1
Stanley F, Blair E, Alberman E. How common are the cerebral palsies. Cerebral Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways Clinics in Developmental Medicine 2000.22â39.
2
Roebroeck ME, Jahnsen R, Carona C, Kent RM, Chamberlain MA. Adult outcomes and lifespan issues for people with childhood onset physical disability. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2009;5 (8):670-8.
3
Rapp Jr CE, Torres MM. The adult with cerebral palsy. Archives of family medicine 2000;9(5):472-466
4
Rang M SR, de la Garaz J. cerebral palsy. In : orthopaedics 1986.
5
Young RR. spasticty: a review. Neurology 1994;44(suppl 9):512-20.
6
Michelsen SI, Uldall P, Kejs AMT, Madsen M. Education and employment prospects in cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2005;4 (8):511-7.
7
Opheim A, Jahnsen R, Olsson E, Stanghelle JK. Physical and Mental Components of Health-Related Quality of Life and Musculoskeletal Pain Sites Over Seven Years in Adults with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2011;43(5):382-7.
8
Andersson C, Mattsson E. Adults with cerebral palsy: a survey describing problems, needs, and resources, with special emphasis on locomotion. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2001;43(2):76-82.
9
Jahnsen R, Villien L, Egeland T, Stanghelle J. Locomotion skills in adults with cerebral palsy. Clinical rehabilitation 2004;18(3):309-16.
10
Sandstrom K AJ, Oberg B. Description of functioning and health and relation to a gross motor classification in adults with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil 2004;26:1023 1031.
11
Group WHOQOL. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment: Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine 1998;46:1569-85.
12
Davis E, Waters E, Mackinnon A, Reddihough D, Graham HK, Mehmet-Radji O, et al. Paediatric quality of life instruments: a review of the impact of the conceptual framework on outcomes. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2006;48(4):311-8.
13
Akodu A, Oluwale O, Adegoke Z, Ahmed U, Akinola T. Relationship between spasticity and health related quality of life in individuals with cerebral palsy. Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine2011; 22(2):99-102.
14
Brown R, Brown P, Bayer M. A quality of life model: New challenges resulting from a six year study. in: Good, (Ed), Quality of life for persons with disabilities Cambridge: brookline Book; 1994.39-56.
15
Foroughan M, Jafari Z, Shirin BP, Ghaem Magham Faraahani Z, Rahgozar M. Validation of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in the elderly population of Tehran. Advances in Cognitive Science 2008;10((2)(38)):29-37.
16
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of psychiatric research 1975;12(3):189-198.
17
Oâs Dwyer NJ, Adal L, Neilson PD. Spasticty and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain 1996;(119):1737-49.
18
Patrick E, Ada L. The Tardieu Scale differentiates contracture from spasticity whereas the Ashworth Scale is confounded by it. Clinical rehabilitation 2006;20(2):173.
19
Nedjat S, Holakouie Naieni K, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh R, Montazeri A. Quality of life among an Iranian general population sample using the World Health Organizationâs quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF). International Journal of Public Health 2010:1-7.
20
Group TW. WHOQOL-Bref: introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment. WHO Geneva; 1996.
21
Nedjat S, Montazeri A, Holakouie K, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh R. Psychometric properties of the Iranian interview-administered version of the World Health Organizationâs Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): A population-based study. BMC health services research 2008;8(1):61.
22
Yousefy A, Ghassemi G, Sarrafzadegan N, Mallik S, Baghaei A, Rabiei K. Erratum to: Psychometric Properties of the WHOQOLBREF in an Iranian Adult Sample. Community mental health journal 2010;46(2).
23
Domholt E. Rehabilitation rsearch. 3 rd end St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.358.
24
Dajpratham P, Kuptniratsaikul V, Kovindha A, Kuptniratsaikul PS, Dejnuntarat K. Prevalence and management of poststroke spasticity in Thai stroke patients: a multicenter study. J Med Assoc Thai 2009;9 (10):1354-60.
25
Welmer AK, von Arbin M, Holmqvist LW, Sommerfeld DK. Spasticity and its association with functioning and health-related quality of life 18 months after stroke. Cerebrovascular diseases 2006;21(4):247-53.
26
Wiegerink DJHG, Roebroeck ME, Donkervoort M, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Stam HJ. Social, intimate and sexual relationships of adolescents with cerebral palsy compared with able-bodied age-mates. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;40(2):112-8.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of the Loading on Dynamic Stability and Scapular Asymmetry
Background and objectives: Scapular stabilization and neuromuscular control provide an important parameter to characterize shoulder function during dynamic activities. Many studies have confirmed the effect of the loading on scapular position and scapulohumeral rhythm. Therefore, the evaluation of stabilizer muscles involvement in scapular asymmetry may assist in the development of clinical examination and rehabilitation program. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of loading on dynamic stability and scapular asymmetry in basketball players.Methods: Thirty healthy male basketball players aged between 20 to 31 years old were tested. The linear distance between scapular inferior angle and T7 spinous process was measured using a caliper in 90 degrees of unloaded scaption and with 1, 2 and 4 kg loading. The difference of distances of two sides in the above 4 positions was analyzed.Results: The amount of distances difference in two sides with 1 kg loading was minimal (9.36mm). This difference increased to 10.19 mm and 12.22 mm, with increasing the loading to 2 and 4 kg respectively; although the 4 positions of the test did not show significant differences in distances difference (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study shows that dynamic stability of the scapula is dependent on the role of muscles, so that with increasing load on the muscles, the scapular asymmetry is more pronounced.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41046_99601877a1b06f8bdafc9a2b52324991.pdf
2014-01-11
12
16
10.30476/jrsr.2014.41046
loading
scapular asymmetry
stabilizer muscles
dynamic stability
Mohammad hassan
Azarsa
mh-azarsa@razi.tums.ac.ir
1
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teharan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Azadeh
Shadmehr
shadmehr@tums.ac.ir
2
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teharan, Iran
AUTHOR
Shohreh
Jalaei
jalaeish@tums.ac.ir
3
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teharan, Iran
AUTHOR
Oyama S, Myers JB, Wassinger CA, Ricci D, Lephart SM.
1
Asymmetric resting scapular posture in healthy overhead athletes. J Athl Training 2008; 43: 565â70.
2
Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB. The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology. Part III: The SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation. Arthroscopy 2003; 19: 641â61.
3
Kon Y, Nishinaka N, Gamada K, Tsutsui H, Banks SA. The influence of handheld weight on the scapulohumeral rhythm. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2008; 17: 943-46.
4
Forte FC, Castro MP, Toledo JM, Ribeiro DC, Loss JF. Scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm during resisted shoulder abductionâImplications for clinical practice. Phys Ther in Sport 2009; 1-7.
5
Forthomme B, Crielaard JM, Croisier JL. Scapular Positioning in Athleteâs Shoulder. Sports Med 2008; 38: 369-86.
6
Costa BR, Olivo SA, Gadotti I, Warren S, Reid DC, Magee DJ. Reliability of scapular positioning measurement procedure using the Palpation Meter (PALM). Physiother 2010; 96: 59â67.
7
Azarsa MH, Shadmehr A, Maroufi N, Bagheri H, Jalaei Sh, Mir M. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of lateral scapular slide test in the scaption in healthy athlete men. Koomesh J 2013; 14: 447-54.
8
Teys P, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. The initial effects of a Mulliganâs mobilization with movement technique on range of movement and pressure pain threshold in pain-limited shoulders. Man Ther 2008; 13: 37â42.
9
Kibler WB. Role of the scapula in the overhead throwing motion. Contemp Orthop 1991; 22: 525â32.
10
Diveta J, Walker ML, Skibinski B. Relationship between performance of selected scapular muscles and scapular abduction in standing subjects. Phys Ther 1990; 70: 470â76.
11
Decker MJ, Hintermeister RA, Faber KJ, Hawkins RJ. Serratus anterior muscle activity during selected rehabilitation exercises Am J Sports Med 2002; 30: 374â81.
12
Gibson MH, Goebel GV, Jordan TM, Kegerries S, Worrell TW. A reliability study of measurement techniques to determine static scapular position. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995; 21: 100-6.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biomechanical Evaluation of Spontaneous Repair of Osteochondral Defects in the Rabbit Knee
Background and objectives: Examination of cartilage repair in animal work is dependent upon the thickness and radius of the induced impalement. Full-thickness defects with a radius of 3 mm have been commonly used in animal studies to evaluate new procedures designed to improve the quality of articular cartilage repair. The aim of the present study was to define the biomechanical characteristics of the repair of 5×4 mm full-thickness osteochondral defects in adult male rabbits.Methods: In a controlled clinical trial study 5 mm diameter and 4 mm deep osteochondral defects were drilled in the femoral patellar groove of twenty-one rabbits, and examined at 4, 8, and 16 weeks. The left knee was kept intact and was regarded as control. The knee joints were removed, and both legs were examined biomechanically by in situ indentation method at three time intervals (4, 8, 16 weeks). The instantaneous and equilibrium elastic- modulus (after 900 second) were measured during the test.Results: There were no differences in cartilage mechanical properties (instantaneous and equilibrium elastic-modulus) in different weeks (4, 8, 16 weeks) in the two groups (p=0/08). However, significant differences were seen between the experimental and control groups in 16 weeks in instantaneous elastic_ modulus (p= 0.44). It suggests that new tissue in this group had more stiffness than control in 16 weeks.Conclusion: Full-thickness osteochondral defect, measuring 5×4 mm in the patellar groove of the adolescent rabbit knee healed spontaneously.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41047_f87434068715ad249ab816a80c76cfab.pdf
2014-01-12
17
20
10.30476/jrsr.2014.41047
Articular Cartilage
Biomechanical Evaluation
Clinical trial
Elastic Modulus
Repair
Indentation
Instantaneous and Equilibrium
Osteochondral Defect
Patellar Groove
Stiffness
Fahimeh
Kamali
fahimekamalii@gmail.com
1
Department of Physiotherapy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Giti
Torkaman
torkamg@modares.ac.ir
2
Department of Physiotherapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Kamali F, Ebrahimi E, Bayat M, Torkaman G, Salavati M. The effect of low level laser therapy on the repair of osteochondral defects in rabbit knee. Iranian journal of medical physics 2007;88:11-15.
1
Hunziker E, Quinn T, Häuselmann HJ. Quantitative structural organization of normal adult human articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2002;10(7):564-72.
2
OâDriscoll SW. Current concepts review-the healing and
3
regeneration of articular cartilage. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1998;80(12):1795.
4
Buckwalter J. Articular cartilage injuries. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2002;402:21-37.
5
Guo X, Park H, Young S, Kretlow JD, van den Beucken JJ, Baggett LS, et al. Repair of osteochondral defects with biodegradable hydrogel composites encapsulating marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model. Acta Biomater 2010 Jan;6(1):39-47.
6
Bayat M, Kamali F, Dadpay M. Effect of low-level infrared
7
laser therapy on large surgical osteochondral defect in rabbit: a histological study. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 2009;27(1):25-30.
8
OâDriscoll SW. Current Concepts Review-The Healing and Regeneration of Articular Cartilage*. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 1998;80(12):1795-812.
9
Shahgaldi BF. Repair of large osteochondral defects: load-bearing and structural properties of osteochondral repair tissue. The Knee 1998;5(2):111-7.
10
Otsuka Y, Mizuta H, Takagi K, Iyama K, Yoshitake Y,
11
Nishikawa K, et al. Requirement of fibroblast growth factor signaling for regeneration of epiphyseal morphology in rabbit full thickness defects of articular cartilage. Development, growth & differentiation 1997;39(2):143-56.
12
Fung DTC, Ng GYF, Leung MCP, Tay DKC. Therapeutic low energy laser improves the mechanical strength of repairing medial collateral ligament. Lasers in surgery and medicine 2002;31(2):91-6.
13
Smith CL, Mansour JM. Indentation of an osteochondral repair: sensitivity to experimental variables and boundary conditions. Journal of Biomechanics 2000;33(11):1507-11.
14
Malmonge S, Zavaglia C, Belangero W. Biomechanical and histological evaluation of hydrogel implants in articular cartilage. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2000;33(3):307-12.
15
Roemhildt ML, Coughlin KM, Peura GD, Fleming BC, Beynnon BD. Material properties of articular cartilage in the rabbit tibial plateau. Journal of biomechanics 2006;39(12):2331-7.
16
Qiu YS, Shahgaldi B, Revell W, Heatley F. Observations of subchondral plate advancement during osteochondral repair: a histomorphometric and mechanical study in the rabbit femoral condyle. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 2003;11(11):810-20.
17
Wayne JS, McDowell CL, Willis MC. Long-term survival of regenerated cartilage on a large joint surface. Journal of rehabilitation research and development 2001;38(2):191-200.
18
Huibregtse B, Samuels J, OâCallaghan M. Development of a cartilage defect model of the knee in the goat for autologous chondrocyte implantation research. Trans Orthop Res Soc. 1999;24:797.
19
Breinan H, Minas T, Barone L, Tubo R, Hsu HP, Shortkroff S, et al. Histological evaluation of the course of healing of canine articular cartilage defects treated with cultured autologous chondrocytes. Tissue Engineering 1998;4(1):101-13.
20
Convery FR, Akeson WH, Keown GH. The repair of large osteochondral defects An experimental study in horses. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1972;82:253.
21
Ahsan T, Sah RL. Biomechanics of integrative cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 1999;7(1):29-40.
22
Narmoneva DA, Cheung HS, Wang JY, Howell DS, Setton LA. Altered swelling behavior of femoral cartilage following joint immobilization in a canine model. Journal of orthopaedic research 2002;20(1):83-91.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Comparison of Neurodevelopmental- Bobath Approach with Occupational Therapy Home Program on Gross Motor Function of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Background & objectives: Traditional Bobath approach (TBA) is one of the several methods using in treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) who referred to occupational therapy setting. In this study, the effect of TBA compared with home program Bobath approach (HPBA), on the gross motor function (GMF) of children with CP.Methods: in this clinical trial, 30 children with CP studied in two groups of 15, randomly. Control group received Bobath traditional services 12 sessions. In the intervention group, along with these services, parents participated in training program and fallowed the exercises. Peabody scale assessed GMF before and after intervention.Results: GMF increased significantly in both groups. In addition, differences between the two groups were significant (p=.007).Conclusions: the results of this study showed that TBA with HPBA was more effective than the traditional ones.
https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41048_a05db193b407d052e406c93b18a5cd1d.pdf
2014-01-11
21
24
10.30476/jrsr.2014.41048
occupational therapy
home programs
cerebral palsy
Faranak
Behzadi
f_behzadi84@yahoo.com
1
AUTHOR
Hesammedin
Noroozi
hesam_noroozi@yahoo.com
2
AUTHOR
Marzieh
Mohamadi
mohamadm@sums.ac.ir
3
LEAD_AUTHOR
Papavasiliou AS. Management of motor problems in cerebral palsy: A critical update for the clinician. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 2009;13(5):387-96.
1
Tsorlakis N, Evaggelinou C, Grouios G, Tsorbatzoudis C. Effect of intensive neurodevelopmental treatment in gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2004;46(11):740-5.
2
Choi M, Lee D, Ro H. Effect of Task-oriented Training and
3
Neurodevelopmental Treatment on the Sitting Posture in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2011;23(2):323-5.
4
Prudente COM, Barbosa MA, Porto CC. Relation between quality of life of mothers of children with cerebral palsy and the childrenâs motor functioning, after ten months of rehabilitation. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 2010;18(2):149-55.
5
Dalvand H, Dehghan L, Feizy A, Amirsalai S, Bagheri H. Effect of the Bobath Technique, Conductive Education and Education to Parents in Activities of Daily Living in Children with Cerebral Palsy in Iran. Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy 2009;19(1):14-9.
6
Rui F, Wu D, Tang J, Yang L, Wei W, Duan J, et al. Curative Effect of Conductive Education on Gross Motor Function and Activities of Daily Living in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics 2010 [Abstract].
7
Knox V, Evans AL. Evaluation of the functional effects of a course of Bobath therapy in children with cerebral palsy: a preliminary study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2002;44(7):447-60.
8
Barry MJ. Physical therapy interventions for patients with
9
movement disorders due to cerebral palsy. Journal of child
10
neurology 1996;11(1 suppl):S51-S60.
11
Mayston M. The Bobath concept today. Synapse-Association of Chartered Physiotherapists Interested in Neurology 2001:32-5.
12
Butler C, Adams R, Chambers H, Abel M, Damiano D, Edgar T,et al. Effects of neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) for cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2001;43(11):778-90.
13
Levitt S, Sheridan MD. Treatment of cerebral palsy and motor delay: Wiley Online Library; 1977.
14
Raine S, Meadows L, Lynch-Ellerington M. Bobath concept: theory and clinical practice in neurological rehabilitation: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. pp.1-6.
15
Martin L, Baker R, Harvey A. A systematic review of common physiotherapy interventions in school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 2010;30(4):294-312.
16
Hanna K, Rodger S. Towards familyâcentred practice in
17
paediatric occupational therapy: A review of the literature on parentâtherapist collaboration. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 2002;49(1):14-24.
18
Rahmanirasa A. Standardization of developmental motor test in 0-24 months infants of Tehran. Tehran: University of Social welfare and Rehabilitataion; 1386.
19
BobathB. The very early treatment of cerebral palsy. Dev Med child Neural 1967;9(4):373-90.
20
Novak I, Cusick A. Home programmes in paediatric occupational therapy for children with cerebral palsy: Where to start? Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 2006;53(4):251-64.
21
Novak I, Cusick A, Lannin N. Occupational therapy home programs for cerebral palsy: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2009;124(4):e606.
22
Case-Smith J. Pediatric occupational therapy and early
23
intervention. 2ed edition. Butterworth Heinemann; 1997.
24
Tetreault S, Parrot A, Trahan J. Home activity programs in families with children presenting with global developmental delays: evaluation and parental perceptions. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 2003;26(3):165.
25
McGibbon Lammi B, Law M. Bridges to Practice-Family-
26
Centred Functional Therapy-The effects of Family-Centred Functional Therapy on the occupational performance of children with cerebral palsy. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2003;70(5):285-97.
27
Dodd KJ, Imms C, Dodd BJ, Taylor NF. Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy for People with Cerebral Palsy: A Problem-Based Approach to Assessment and Management: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. pp.31-36.
28
Odding E, Roebroeck ME, Stam HJ. The epidemiology of cerebralpalsy: incidence, impairments and risk factors. Disability and rehabilitation 2006;28(4):183.
29
King S, Teplicky R, King G, Rosenbaum P. Family-centered service for children with cerebral palsy and their families: a review of the literature. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11(1):78-86.
30
Hinojosa J. How mothers of preschool children with cerebral palsy perceive occupational and physical therapists and their influence on family life. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 1990;10(3):144-62.
31