@article { author = {Taghipour, Morteza and Nazary-Moghadam, Salman and Pourahmadi, Mohammad Reza and Rajabzadeh, Fatemeh and Nodehi-Moghadam, Afsun}, title = {The Effects of Visual Feedback and Verbal Encouragement on Abdominal Muscles Endurance Tests}, journal = {Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {61-65}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-6167}, eissn = {2345-6159}, doi = {10.30476/jrsr.2017.41120}, abstract = {Background: Abdominal muscles are one of the most important componentsthat provide trunk stability. It has been reported that abdominal musclesendurance can be decreased in patients with low back pain. Tests that canbe used for the assessment of abdominal muscles endurance; include supineisometric chest raise (SICR) and supine double straight-leg raise (SDSLR) tests.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of visual feedback and verbalencouragement on endurance tests of deep abdominal muscles.Methods: In this two-factor mixed design study, a convenient sample of 40asymptomatic (healthy) participants (20 males and females each) aged between20-35 years was selected. Each subject performed the SICR and SDSLR tests under4 conditions: no feedback, visual feedback, verbal encouragement, and combinedvisual feedback and verbal encouragement. The tests were terminated when thesubject was no longer able to maintain a position. Furthermore, each test wasrepeated twice with 5 min interval and the average time was recorded for analysis.Results: Endurance test time was improved significantly when 2 types of feedbackwere given during the tests (P<0.01). However, combined visual feedback andverbal encouragement had superior effect on endurance test time compared tovisual feedback or verbal encouragement alone (P=0.01).Conclusion: The incorporation of verbal encouragement and visual feedback isan important factor in improving holding time during endurance tasks. Thismay have important implications on endurance training and rehabilitationprogrammes of abdominal muscles.}, keywords = {Endurance test,Abdominal muscles,Visual feedback,Verbal encouragement}, url = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41120.html}, eprint = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41120_48cfa9302723a406c11367dc9efbf5bf.pdf} } @article { author = {Doosti, Afsaneh and Nourmohammadi, Fatemeh and Delphi, Maryam}, title = {Investigating the Auditory Differentiation Skill in Normal 7-8 Year Old Persian Children in Shiraz}, journal = {Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {66-69}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-6167}, eissn = {2345-6159}, doi = {10.30476/jrsr.2017.41121}, abstract = {Background: Development of auditory differentiation skill plays an imperativerole in the development of speech and language skills of children as well as centralauditory processing. One of the instruments employed in the investigation ofthis skill is auditory differentiation test. The present study was conducted withthe aim of investigating the auditory differentiation skill in normal 7-8 year oldchildren.Methods: The present cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 200normal girls and boys within the age bracket of 7-8 years with equal numbers ofgenders (100 girls and 100 boys). In order to examine the auditory differentiationskill, the Persian version of Wepman auditory differentiation test was employed.The significance level in this research was considered as P=0.05.Results: The auditory differentiation score according to percentiles of 5 and 95was 38 and 40 among the seven year old group, respectively, while it was 38.05and 40 in the eight year old group, respectively. The mean auditory differentiationscore of the seven year old children was significantly lower than that of the eightyear old children (P=0.04). No significant difference was observed between thetwo genders (P=0.19).Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this research, the auditorydifferentiation score was significantly different between the seven and eight yearold groups, but no significant difference was observed between boys and girls.}, keywords = {Auditory Differentiation,Central Auditory Processing,Rehabilitation,Auditory perception}, url = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41121.html}, eprint = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41121_689e4cba4897e6e32b71ccb98d8a70d4.pdf} } @article { author = {Jamali, Saeed and Taghvaei, Sajjad and Haghpanah, Seyyed Arash}, title = {Optimal Strategy for Sit-to-Stand Movement Using Reinforcement Learning}, journal = {Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {70-75}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-6167}, eissn = {2345-6159}, doi = {10.30476/jrsr.2017.41122}, abstract = {Background: Sit-to-stand motion is a frequent and challenging task in daily lifeactivities especially for elderly and disabled people. Central nervous system usesseveral strategies for sit-to-stand movement. Many studies have been conductedto understand the underlying basis of the optimal approach. Reinforcementlearning (RL) is a suitable method for modeling the control strategies that occurin neuro-musculoskeletal system.Methods: In this paper a dynamic model of human sit-to-stand was derived, andkinematic data of a healthy subject has been extracted in this task. An optimalcontrol problem was formulated considering minimum energy and Q-Learningmethod has been utilized to find the optimal joint moments during sit to standmovement.Results: The simulation results have been compared to the experimental data.The lower extremity joint angles have been simulated and tracked the actualhuman angles extracted from the experiments. Also the joints moments showeda satisfactory precision by the proposed approach.Conclusion: An RL-based algorithm was used to model the human sit-to-stand,in which the model explores the state space with a Markov based approach andfinds the best actions (joint moments) at each state (posture). In this approach themodel successfully performs the task while consuming minimum energy. Thiswas achieved by updating the algorithm in every trial using a Q-learning method.}, keywords = {Sit-to-stand,optimal control,reinforcement learning,human dynamic model}, url = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41122.html}, eprint = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41122_e7383adf8fe1dd63d1d836301483f310.pdf} } @article { author = {Kargar, Hamid and Zolaktaf, Vahid}, title = {Stability Analysis in Individuals with Complete and Incomplete Spinal cord Injury: Linear Versus Non-Linear Methods}, journal = {Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {76-83}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-6167}, eissn = {2345-6159}, doi = {10.30476/jrsr.2017.41123}, abstract = {Background: Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) lose their abilities tostand. The effectiveness of compensating strategies such as the use of variousorthosis is studied by stability analysis. These kind of analyses are usuallystudied by linear method. In this study, the standing stability of complete andincomplete SCI individuals is evaluated by linear versus non-linear methods.Methods: Study groups consisted of 10 normal, 5 incomplete and 5 complete SCIindividuals. SCI participants stood with crutch and/or orthosis on a Kistler forceplate. The excursions of center of pressure (COP), velocity of COP, correlationdimension, and approximate entropy in the anteroposterior and mediolateralplanes were calculated in this study. Statistical analysis was done by one-wayANOVA and Post-hoc calculations by Tukey HSD.Results: Linear method revealed that the difference in “the mediolateral COP sway”and “anteroposterior COP velocity” was insignificant among the groups, whilstthe difference in “anteroposterior COP sway”, “mediolateral COP velocity” and“total velocity” was significant. In contrast, non-linear method revealed that thedifference in “mediolateral embedding diversion”, “anteroposterior embeddingdiversion”, “mediolateral correlationdimension” and “anteroposterior ApEn”was insignificant among the groups, whilst the difference in “anteroposteriorcorrelation dimension” and “mediolateral ApEn” was significant.Conclusion: Based on linear method, the stability of SCI subjects seems to belike normal subjects. However, non-linear analysis revealed that although SCIpatients knew how to put their body in a good posture to have a stable position,they had no abilities to control their posture.}, keywords = {Stability,Spinal cord injury,Linear Analysis,Non-Linear Analysis}, url = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41123.html}, eprint = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41123_b3aaf7e9d33ac701468ea02134c001bd.pdf} } @article { author = {Rojhani-Shirazi, Zahra and Barzegar, Ali and Nouraddini, Elham and Azhdari, Negar and Mohamadi, Marzieh}, title = {Can muscle relaxation affect balance in patients with tension-type headache? A pre-post study}, journal = {Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {84-87}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2345-6167}, eissn = {2345-6159}, doi = {10.30476/jrsr.2017.41124}, abstract = {Background: Proprioceptive inputs from the cervical region play an important role in balance. In patients with tension-type headache (TTH), proprioception is altered. The effect of treatment for TTH on balance is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of post-isometric relaxation (PIR) in the neck muscles on pain, disability and balance in patients with TTH.Methods: 30 patients with chronic TTH who had a trigger point and tenderness in the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), suboccipitalor splenius muscles were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent PIR based on Liebenson’s method. Before and after treatment, balancewas evaluated with the Y balance test, time up and go test, functional reach test and single leg stance test. As clinical symptoms of TTH we considered the intensity and frequency of headaches,which were recorded along with neck disability index (NDI)assecondary outcomes. Paired t-tests were used to analyze the data.Results:The results of the Y balance test, time up and go test, functional reach test and single leg stance test changed significantly after treatment (P< 0.001). Significant differences were also found forall secondary variables (P < 0.001).Conclusions:The results of this study showed that the PIR technique for muscle relaxation in the upper trapezius, SCM, suboccipitalor splenius muscles may improve balance along with clinical symptoms such as pain and disabilityin patients with TTH.}, keywords = {Balance,Tension-type headache,Muscle relaxation,Disability}, url = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41124.html}, eprint = {https://jrsr.sums.ac.ir/article_41124_b165329ed33918050c20261e49a3de0c.pdf} }